My first day at a new school Essay

The first day if a new school is very difficult because you don’t know any one and u feel all alone. Most kids do good because they are a people person which can help because they talk to people and know were or how to get around from talking to other kids. There are also kids that don’t talk as much to other people they don’t know either because there shy .So this I how I overcame the obstacles on my first day. The most memorable first day I had was when I went to Kenny Guinn middle school. I knew no one in my home room so I sat there for a moment and the teacher began to call roll call then after that passed the kids in the class began to talk and so nothing. the teachers got their attention and explained rules and regulations. shortly after that some kid s started getting kinda loud so the teacher got their attention he sent one of the three to another class and his friend threw a paper airplane instead of the teacher doing something to punish he made a funny remark about the kid. The bell sone rang and we all got up and head off to our next class remember the first class I had was science,at first I was about the tenth student in the classroom I noticed one of my friends walked in the classroom and sat next to me . I told him how frustrated I was and he told me to â€Å"just don’t worry about it and calm down†. so after he convinced me to calm down and I began to relax. The teacher then started her lesson plan, then she explained her classroom rules and regulations shortly after that she told us what we were going to do the rest of the school year. When she had finished, the class began to talk. that was when I realized my friend that was sitting next to me, as I mentioned earlier had the next class with me. dong dong dong the bell has just rang so we headed for our next class, that next class was math. and he began to do the same as the first teacher then that class ended so we my friend and I went to lunch. The most exciting part of the hole day was the lunch period .Were I got lucky enough to meet most of my friends there that day so that was a big relief. I ate some lunch that help because the hole day I was feeling kind of sick so that helped me replenish my self, then we all started talking to one another  after a short amount of time we all got confused so then we laughed at ore selves for being so stupid. then I diced to walk over to this girl I liked after being convinced that nothing terrible can happen and it won’t be the end of the world so I did it and I then had a date to the dance thing they were having, the school was throwing it for the new year. So the day has gone smoothly and not too difficult in anyway or manner. Soon after lunch ended we/all the kids went to class then I went to my next class the same routine was used for the lesion plane for the last four class and once that was over it was a little frustrating to find my buss but then I found it just in time and when I got home I said hi to my dad and then had something to eat. And I learned if I was to ask someone I don’t know can still help me and being shy has its down falls.

Morality vs Duty Essay

When we hear stories about soldiers and about war, it’s usually about patriotism for one’s country, their duty, the bravery of the soldier who died in battle, and the pride at a soldier’s return. The story that is not typically heard is what it really feels like to put on a uniform, go to war, and come home. The psychological and emotional trauma these young men and women face in war is nothing short of moral anguish. This is evident in Haruki Murakami’s gruesome story, â€Å"Another Way to Die.† Here is a lieutenant struggling with the barbaric orders he was given to execute three prisoners with a bayonet and a fourth prisoner with a baseball bat. Throughout the story the lieutenant would often repeating his orders and muse over the senselessness of the act. In sum, he says, â€Å"What the hell good is it going to do to kill these guys? †¦adding a few bodies to the count isn’t going to make any difference. But orders are orders. I am a soldier and I have to follow orders† (1039). Ultimately, the lieutenant employs another soldier to execute the final prisoner with a baseball bat. Perhaps this is an example of the lieutenant’s inability to go against his moral fiber. He does his duty by making sure the order is carried out, but he cannot do it himself. As one can only imagine, it can be difficult to bludgeon someone to death. This soldier, ordered to carry out the task, had never even held a baseball bat before. Yet, they were all surprised when the prisoner, â€Å"with his last drop of life,† sat up, â€Å"as if he had fully come awake† and then grab on to the veterinarian standing nearby (1041). The lieutenant had to fire his gun for the first time ever at a human being. However, he chose not to think about it until after the war was over. How could he? Certainly he wouldn’t be able to do his duty if he let his morals get in the way. In Frank O’Connor’s story, â€Å"Guests of a Nation,† one can assume that duty would become obsolete-Especially since the prisoners and captors had become friends. The tone of this story seems hopeful. The scene is in a cozy little cottage run by an odd, but likable old woman. The characters are all cheerful and friendly towards each other. It is difficult to keep in mind that there is a war going on and that these four are enemies. Even the narrator, Bonaparte, has a hard time believing they are hostages and is surprised and saddened when he learns that he may have to shoot them (1024-1025). Hawkins, the more animated hostage, has a hard time believing it as well. It’s not until the very last moment that he realizes they’re earnest. He says to Donovan, â€Å"What have you against me, Jeremiah Donovan?† (1027). That he knows his full name and it comes naturally to say it aloud, should be enough proof that these men are not enemies. Hawkins asks if anyone thought he would shoot Noble if he had to and Donovan points out, â€Å"yes, you would†¦. Because you’d know that you would be shot for not doing it.† Regardless, Hawkins insists he would never shoot a pal. Hawkins contends that his morals are higher than his duty. But then again, he’s not the one holding the gun. Bonaparte, keenly aware of the gun in his pocket wishes they would attempt to run away, knowing he wouldn’t shoot at them if they did (1027). Donovan, their leader, never did get too close to the hostages and seemed to have no problem firing at them. His sense of duty was high. He asks Belcher if he understands that they are only doing their duty, to which Belcher remarks, â€Å"I never could make out what duty was myself. I think you’re all good lads, if that’s what you mean. I’m not complaining† (1029). I’m not actually that sure Belcher would have shot either of them if the roles were reversed. It is difficult enough to cope with the loss of a friend. One can only imagine if you were the one ordered to kill your friend. How does one come out of something like that? Noble turned to God. Bonaparte never feels the same about anything again. Surely this is not something that they will easily move past. Think about it; all our lives we’re taught what is right and what is wrong. Then, one day, you are ordered to torture or kill a stranger. Even when they’re interrogating a prisoner the right way-that is, not torturing them- they are gaining intimacy just so they can exploit them. At what point does duty beat morality? The truth is, for most soldiers, it doesn’t. Despite the task they are ordered to execute, virtually every soldier has an overwhelming sense of guilt and regret. Is a soldier’s guilt worth their sense of duty in the end? I highly doubt it. Perhaps, this is the reason those stories are often swept under the rug. The shame is too much to admit out loud.

Zoot Suit Riots Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zoot Suit Riots - Research Paper Example The Latino living in other cities of United States like San Diego, New York and Chicago were also badly affected from these riots because gradually the riots were swept in these cities as well (Eduardo: 223: 2000). The essay aims to discuss the historical background of the Zoot suit riots and intends to analyse its causes and effects upon the socio-political situation of the time. The essay presents concise chronology of the events and incidents occurred during the riots to illustrate their importance and impact upon the political history of the United States. Zoot Suit Riots – Historical Background The Zoot Suit Riots were basically outcome of the racial discrimination and tension prevailing between the Mexicans and the White Americans. Mexicans migrated and settled in different cities of United States during the twentieth century. The white Americans widely disfavoured the presence of Mexicans in different walks of life because they believe that Mexican Americans were badly affecting their social and economic conditions by occupying the resources and job positions (Eduardo: 43: 2003). During the Great Depression the demand of the Whites Americans to remove the Mexicans from the American land became very strong because they were not willing to see the Mexicans availing the employment opportunities and other resources in their country. This thinking resulted in intense racial hatred between the Mexican and White Americans (Castillo and Griswold: 367: 2000). As a result of the demands and racial threats of the White, thousands of the Mexican descents were deported from America in the early 1930s. Despite this major extraction there were still 3 million Mexicans left in United States and the highest concentration of the Mexicans was found in Los Angeles (Mazon: 132: 2002). The Mexicans in Los Angeles were limited to the oldest and most run down housing area of the city and they were also forced to work only at low level and low wages jobs. Consequently, th e lifestyles and living standard of the Mexican Americans dropped to the lowest level and most of them started living below the poverty line (Rule: 102: 1989). The print media also started spreading racial hatred against the Mexicans through inflammatory propaganda and worked for instigating social and economic discrimination against the Mexicans on racial grounds. The media also used to derogate the Mexican Americans by calling them with the name Chicanos. All of these incidents created a highly tensed social and political environment and the Mexican Americans realized the need of conducting organized efforts for the recognition of their rights in the American society. They decided to stand against the racial discrimination and created youth culture for their own and came up with the ideas of maintaining their identity through their culture and selected particular dress code as a symbol of their community (Kevin: 93: 2005). Latino Culture and Zoot Suit The Mexican Americans adopted their own music, language and dress that became famous with the name of Zoot suit. They designed a flamboyant long coat with a baggy pegged pant for the male Mexicans. In addition, they also started taking a pork pie hat along with a key chain and shoes with thick soles. They attempted to create distinct identity for their community to let people know about their unity and strength. The Latino widely started dressing up in the Zoot Suit and they selected the name Pachucos for their selves. Through this particular dressing style they attempted to make their distinguished identity in front of the masses and bring unity

Critically analyse the requirements for protecting the shape of a Essay

Critically analyse the requirements for protecting the shape of a product as a registered trademark and as a registered design u - Essay Example Critically Analyse the Requirements for Protecting the Shape of a Product as a Registered Trademark and as a Registered Design under EU Law By Student Name Course Institute Date Introduction Intellectual property rights protection and enforcement are usually left to national laws of the EU member states. However, as a result of the common market principles, the EU has increasingly harmonized intellectual property protection and enforcement. ... n the Regulation relative to the Community designs as they have direct effect in the Community whereas Directives provide the content that Member states are required to implement into law.11 However, since a number of important cases were decided under the EC Directive on the harmonization of trademarks, the EC Directive and Regulation will be discussed relative to the EU’s trade mark law and protection of shapes. This paper will be divided into two main parts. The first main part of this paper will discuss and analyse the EC Regulation and Directive and case law relative to the registered protection of shapes as a registered design. The second main part of this paper will discuss and analyse EC Regulation and Directive and case law relative to the registered protection of shapes as a registered. The Requirements for Protection of Shapes as Registered Design By definition a design is a â€Å"legal instrument† that provides protection for â€Å"creations that take the f orm of the external shape of products or of parts of products†.12 However, in order to be a registered design and to be accorded Community protection, the shape must be â€Å"new† and have â€Å"individual character†.13 Even where the shape is new and has individual character, and forms part of a design, it must be â€Å"visible during normal use†.14 Normal use is defined as â€Å"use by the end user,† and does not include â€Å"maintenance, servicing or repair work†.15 The visibility rule is obviously meant to ensure that any part of the design or any shape to which protection is sought as a registered design, must be seen by those who use the product. After all, one of the main functions of intellectual property protection is to prevent imitations and free riding off the reputation and labour of another.16

The importance and value of crossing of disciplinary and artistic Assignment

The importance and value of crossing of disciplinary and artistic borders - Assignment Example As seen in the interview, this is not anew strategy because it has been in use for a long time now. Its invention, as evidenced in the artist’s argument really revolutionized art. By combining the elements of traditional art to the new found media, the artist managed to produce amazing oil portraits, an aura that played a very significant role in making art to be perceived to be having a political influence in the society. However, for this kind of artwork to be properly made, a proper choice of the sturdy foundation should be made for all the layers included in the artwork. Indeed, mixed media art is a noble idea because it has lots of benefits to the artists and consumers of artwork. Its first advantage is that it is const-friendly. As compared to the traditional art, mixed media art is a very cheap initiative as it does not have many expenses. Since it is not restricted to the use of only one particular medium, the artist is free to choose to use a variety of objects including newspapers, oil paint, clothes, sculpture, textile, ink, pieces of wood, graphite or household glue. All of these do not necessarily need to be bought because a large number of them like newspapers and pieces of wood can be easily found and collected from the immediate environment. Besides, mixed media art can be used in expressing political views. Over the years, art has been used as a very powerful tool in politics. As indicated in the article, the use of oil portraits played a very significant role in the political scene. By combining randomly found objects and traditional media, the artist managed to create appealing portraits for Margaret Thatcher. This is a clear indication that a proper use of mixed media can greatly help in the political engagement of art. It makes it easier for art to go beyond political borders by creating a political content in them. Lastly, mixed art is more aesthetic and

Forensic computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Forensic computing - Essay Example A user can use criteria such as size, filename, creation and modified dates in locating files. The search results returned by OS forensics are made available in different views which include the timeline view, thumbnail view and file listing (Beijnum, 2009, p. 23). This helps the user determine the pattern of activity on the computer and know where significant file change occurred. Besides locating the files, this tool can go further to search within contents of each file for a full analysis. OS forensics has a powerful pre-indexed search capability that offers full text search to hundreds of file formats. Below is a list of what results OS forensics can offer: Highlighting Wildcard searches Relevance ranked search results Exclusion searches Date sorting or date range searching Exact phrase matching "Google-like" context results File listing view of search results The file formats that can be indexed by OS forensics include: RTF, WPD, SWF, DJVU, DOC, PDF, PPT, XLS, JPG, GIF, PNG, TIF F, XLSX, MHT, ZIP, MP3, DWF, DOCX, PPTX and more. In addition, it has a feature that helps analyze files so as to determine their file type if they lack file extension. The advanced hashing algorithm in OS forensics can help create a unique fingerprint that is used to identify a file. OS forensics can help the investigator to organize the evidence discovered into a cryptographically secure single file. The expert can add more results and evidence to the case file for future reference and analysis and be confident that the case file cannot be tampered with. Case management helps the user to organize and aggregate case items and results from OS forensics. An advantage of this software is that it can be installed and run from a USB flash drive thus helps you in keeping your investigation tools and reports with you when you are mobile (Cansolvo & Scholtz, 2004, p. 85). A user should avoid installing any software on the target machine so as to avoid the risk of unintentionally overwritin g or deleting valuable forensic data left by the suspect. With OS forensics, the computer expert can export case files as customizable and accessible reports that show all the evidence gathered. This feature helps to deliver a summary of readable forensic findings to law enforcement agents or clients at any time during the investigation. OS forensics can be used to retrieve e-mail messages directly from their archives without the need to install email client programs such as thunderbird or Outlook (Dimitrova, Bellotti, Lozanova & Roumenin, 2011). It reads directly into the archive and displays everything from message headers, HTML, Rich Text Format and regular Text. Supported file formats are: Mbox for thunderbird, UNIX mail, Eudora and more. Pst for outlook. Msg for outlook. Dbx for outlook express. Eml for outlook express. All the attachments associated with the specified email can be extracted too. Email searching functionality embedded in OS forensics can be used to quickly sear ch across all the content in the email’s archive effectively. OS forensics Email Viewer The forensic value of carrying out the processes described above may vary depending on various factors such as who needs the information and for what purpose is the information in question needed (Lin & Stead, 2009, p. 67). This valuable

Atmospheric Ozone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Atmospheric Ozone - Essay Example Although Ozone occurs naturally in the atmosphere it can be produced by numerous chemical reactions in a chemical laboratory. Atmospheric Ozone results from a mechanism when O2 absorbs Ultra Violet (UV) radiation at wavelengths of about 242 nanometers (nm) [1m = 109nm] but is removed by a phenomenon called Photo-dissociation from sunlight at wavelengths greater than 290nm (Ozone in the Atmosphere "n.d"). Ozone occurs in the atmosphere in Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere and Thermosphere. The amount of Ozone found in the atmospheric layers is dependent on the temperature. The troposphere which is the bottom layer of atmosphere has the lowest amount of ozone. The deterioration of the Ozone layer leads to a phenomenon known as the 'Greenhouse' effect. The effect is caused by greenhouse gasses known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) including carbon dioxide and is a major cause of many environmental problems. Greenhouse gases are said to be the leading cause of Global warming (Ozone in the Atmosphere, "n.d"). The amount of ozone in the atmosphere is measured using Dobson units (Du), [1 mm of O3 thick layer = 100 Du] if compressed at sea level pressure. The threat to the atmospheric ozone balance has been on the increase as industrialization and modernization grows around the world. These events have significantly increased the rate of ozone removal, resulting in a gradual decline in the global ozone levels (Wikipedia, "n.d"). Ozone Depletion Man-made industrial activities produce massive amounts of CFC's. The dangerous and ozone depleting compounds are used in many industrial processes and can be found in many household products. CFC's are used as coolants in refrigerators and as propellants in various spray cans. These gases are also employed in the production of certain foam mixtures, in electronic and mostly in solvents (The Atmospheric Zone "n.d"). CFC's have a very long lifespan. A single molecule of a CFC gas can exist for centuries before it is eliminated once it escapes into the atmosphere. After their release into the air through a simple human activity like the spraying of a CFC containing can, studies have shown that the gases can reach the stratosphere between a 1-5 year periods. Once the released CFC reaches the ozone layer, it depletes it causing less UV rays to be absorbed by ozone layer. This happens when the CFC molecules breakdown upon reaction with UV rays from sunlight, the reaction releases free radical chlorine atoms and it these atoms that destroy and deplete atmospheric ozone layer. The depletion of the protective ozone layer and the subsequent passage of UV rays which are known to be harmful are the cause of various effects and illnesses. Skin cancer is said to be on the increase, various problems and diseases are plaguing crops around the world. Temperatures are rising around the earth leading to more floods, hurricanes like Katrina in 2005, and record braking heat waves in Europe. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) a United Nations Advisory body, environmentalists and researchers have linked (through the use of ground-based and satellite measurements) the depletion of the

Contemporary Issues in Community Corrections Research Paper

Contemporary Issues in Community Corrections - Research Paper Example This means that the main objective of corrections should just not to operate secure, orderly, protected and affordable prisons, but also to enhance public safety by ensuring that is an efficient inmate transition (Parent, & Barnett, 2002). Research conducted over the years has shown that prisons and community corrections are intricately linked to a point where a change in one affects the other. In nearly all the cases, arrests lead to jail time, convictions lead to initial trial, and depending on the severity of the crime, the offender is released to the community and if the community correction fails, the offender goes to prison. In reality, a very small minority comes into contact with criminal justice interventions meaning most of them go through community correction. It is therefore ideal to ensure that the right correctional method is administered to ensure that the community correction does not fail (Parent, & Barnett, 2002). Prison administrators are without doubt instrumental that prisons operate smoothly and in preparing the inmates for safe release. These two goals are related in an empirical manner in that any poor institutional behavior is tied to the higher rates of post-release crimes. Over the years, research has shown that the most effective method of ensuring that prisoners have good conduct is by setting up efficient correctional programs. In this case, for correctional facilities to be secure and safe, prison administrators ought to certify that the correctional platforms that they develop are based on evidence based practice (McGuire, 2005). For prisons, the concentration on short-term operational goals is logical but in most cases this can effortlessly diminish the available economic and human resources. In most cases, such concentration leaves minimal resources for the agencies to fulfill its commitment on the wider objectives of effective corrections as well as public safety.

Reasons (not) to get married Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reasons (not) to get married - Essay Example Therefore, overwhelming life commitment is a good reason not to get married. Considering the increasing financial challenges facing a large proportion of the global population, beginning, and supporting a family becomes a painstakingly difficult endeavor. Actually, success in supporting a family lies largely on financial stability. Therefore, it can be argued that individuals who are financially challenged should prefer not getting married (Kaetu-Smith 93). Some important people in the society such as music artists derive their identity from being single. In such cases, getting married may be seen as a compromise to the personal or iconic identity. Indeed, many music celebrities have opted to go it alone and perhaps only adopt a child when need arises. For instance, Bill Maher decided to remain single. Therefore, individuals seeking to retain their social identity can find this as a good reason not to get married. Another notable reason why not to get married is because of health issues. Whereas, marriage partners become particularly helpful in time of need, some health problems become an overwhelming burden to a partner. For instance, it is better for a person suffering from advanced stages of cancer or AIDS to remain

European Union as an international organization Essay Example for Free

European Union as an international organization Essay The European Union cannot be an international organization and it is not a domestic political system. It is a new and unique trend in governance, which transcends the nation – state structure. In the EU the nation – state governments are drifting away from both sub national and supranational systems. This in turn raises questions about the EU’s capacity to govern and its democratic legitimacy. The European Union is composed of democratic nations that aim to achieve peace and prosperity. It is not a nation – state but an international organization with unique features (Europeans united in diversity). However, the events that took place in the period from 1960 to 1970 changed the thinking of federalism by the people. The then French president, Charles de Gaulle was very much interested in nation – state structure in the Europe. However, he rejected the federalist system. Subsequently, the European Council was created in order to take up the matters of the Union with administrative powers. Thus there is no centralized power in the European Union and it was distributed between the primary entities, which do not fall within parliamentary control (Europeans united in diversity). The significant characteristic of the EU is that the decisions taken at the European level are ratified by its Member States in order to establish EU level common institutions, by surrendering their sovereignty on certain specific issues. There is unity in diversity in Europe where there persists a multitude of different traditions and languages. Respecting these shared values, the EU promotes cooperation among the people of Europe and it protects the interests of the individual citizens of Europe. While respecting the sentiments of European citizens, the EU promotes cooperation with external nations without comprising its solidarity and in a spirit of tolerance (Europeans united in diversity). The European Union is a distinct entity. It is not a federation like the United States. Moreover, it is not a simple form of structure as it entails inter – governmental coordination and cooperation. The European Union is composed of a number of Member States. These Member States have combined their individual sovereignty and adopted a system of shared governance, in order to achieve unity and international importance. Nevertheless, as it is noteworthy to mention, these Member States did not relinquish their national sovereignty (McCormick). Further, there is a delegation of powers by the agencies of the European Union, in areas of joint interests, upon which the EU can impose its democratic authority for the benefit of Member States. Thus the European Union is to some extent an intergovernmental organization and to some extent it is a supranational organization. The supranational aspects of the EU include economic policy, social policy, immigration policy and education. The intergovernmental aspects comprises of mutual cooperation between the member states in order to formulate a common foreign policy and security policy (McCormick). The intergovernmental organizations like the United Nations are in general constituted by several states in order to promote voluntary cooperation and coordination amongst them (McCormick). The Member States of such an organization retain their independence and the decisions and agreements taken are not enforceable. The Member States of the European Union do not surrender their sovereignty to it. However, in the supranational organization, Member States are required to surrender their sovereignty in certain key areas to the governing body of the supranational organization (McCormick). Moreover, the Member States are also required to comply with the decisions taken at the supranational level. The Courts would initiate penal actions for violations by the member states. The European Union has both the characteristics of an intergovernmental organization and supranational government. An international organization is an entity which develops voluntary cooperation and coordination among its members (McCormick). Hence the European Union cannot be a truly typical international organization. The normal features and definition of an international organization is narrow in its scope. Therefore, the European Union cannot be compared to an ordinary international organization. The European Union is founded by an international treaty like any other international organization. However, it cannot be construed to be a proper international organization and a very close description is that it is not a state, nor a nation – state; but a characterization of sui generis (Vuorinen). The fundamental characteristic that differentiates the European Union from other international organizations is that it attempts to change the Member States. Integration is the process that brings about the coalescing of state structures. The European Union has several structures combined together some of these structures represent the characteristics of a federal state while other structures resemble an international organization. In the process of evolution, the EU had gone beyond an association of states and became an economic and political union. However, the EU is not a federal state (Vuorinen). The emergence of the European Community was the result of federalist views. Its drafters were of the opinion that federalism would be the solution to the persistent problem of war in Europe. Thus their main objective was to establish a federal state. These efforts resulted in the formulation of the European Coal and Steel Community in the year 1951, which created a common market for the coal and steel industries of that period. The objective of this institution was to combine the important and strategic resources of Europe. Subsequently in 1957 The Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community or EEC and the European Atomic Energy Commission or Euratom (Vuorinen). The federalist creation of the Union was based upon the three important pillars of the EU, namely, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice. These branches of the EU, which do not pertain to any single member state of the Union, aim to promote the common European policy. The federal structure could have operated with a sufficient degree of democracy (Vuorinen). The European Union has been described as an international organization and with the adoption of a constitution it can become a supranational organization in addition to an intergovernmental organization. The Maastricht Treaty of the year 1993 established two types of institutionalized cooperation in the European Community, the Common Foreign and Security Policy or CFSP and cooperation on justice and international issues. Since, the extant system in respect of functioning of the EU involves the surrender of sovereignty by states to the EU in certain areas and the dependence of the member states on intergovernmental cooperation in other areas, it can be describes as a hybrid system (European Union). Issues of international interests of the EU are regulated by the Integration Ministry; some of these issues encompass the cooperation of EU, Nordic legislation and cooperation with the United Nation’s agencies. Extension of such cooperation is frequent to the United Nations Refugee Agency or the UNHCR, the Council of Europe, Intergovernmental Consultations or IGC and the International Organization for Migration or the IOM (The Ministry of Refugee, Immigration and Integration Affairs). Furthermore, the Ministry negotiates with many foreign nations on issues relating to repatriation agreements, other forms of practical cooperation as well as mutual exchange of information. The International Division of the Integration Ministry governs international cooperation and participates in meeting and makes the necessary preparations for meetings and discussions that involve other nations. This Division also prepares meetings in Denmark with regard to issues relating to asylum and immigration. It also makes the necessary preparations for EU casework in national procedure (The Ministry of Refugee, Immigration and Integration Affairs). The destruction and loss of a large number of human lives in the Second World War resulted in European integration, which was expected to put a stop to such killing and destruction. In the year 1950, Robert Schuman, the French Foreign Minister proposed the idea of European integration. The present European Union consists of five institutions with specific goals. These are the European Parliament, which is elected by the citizens of the Member States; the Council of the European Union, which represents the governments of the Member States; the European Commission, which is the executive branch of the EU; the European Court of Justice, which ensures compliance with the EU law by the Member States and the Court of Auditors, which controls and ensures efficient and legal management of the EU budget (The European Union). There are other important agencies, which support these five driving forces of the European Union. They are, the European Economic and Social Committee, which reflects the opinions of the civil society on issues pertaining to economic and social interests; the Committee of the Regions, which is responsible for monetary policies and regulates the euro; the European Ombudsman, which deals with the complaints of individuals in case of breach of law or failure of proper administration by any EU institution or agency and the European Investment Bank, which promotes the objectives of the EU by providing financial support to investment projects. In addition, there are several other institutions to facilitate the smooth functioning of the EU (The European Union). The functionality of the EU is based on the Treaties, which were ratified by the Member States. In the beginning there were only six nations in the EU and these were Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. In 1973 Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom became members of the European Union and subsequently, in 1981 Greece became a member. In the year 1986 Spain and Portugal and in the year 1995 Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the European Union. In the year 2004 the largest expansion of the European Union took place with ten new countries being permitted to become members of the European Union (The European Union). In the beginning, much attention was bestowed on providing cooperation in the areas of trade and economy. Subsequently, the EU became the guardian of the Member States and commenced to deal with a wide range of issues pertaining to all aspects of society and humans. The EU protects the rights of individuals, ensures freedom, security and justice, employment, regional development and environmental protection. For more than fifty years the EU has been catering to the needs of its member states in respect of stability, peace and prosperity. It strived hard to enhance the standard of living of its citizens. It created a single European market, launched the euro or the single European currency and fortified the European Union’s stance on the international platform (The European Union). The European Union plays an important role in the field of international trade. It provides advantageous norms for trade to a large number of developing countries. The EU withdraws the preferential business terms from a country that violates these norms, while dealing with any member state of the EU. Moreover, the EU is the largest single donor of humanitarian and development aid in the world. The financial aid supplied by the EU and its member states comprises sixty percent of the total aid to the world. The EU also provides assistance for reconstructing nations ravaged by war and its aid projects are significant in promoting peace among warring nations and in settling disputes. The foreign assistance programs of the EU are remarkable in respect of the benefits offered to refugees of war and famine. Economic integration in the EU has become a role model for many upcoming trade blocs, which have consequently, sought the support of the EU in their financial reforms. Thus, the EU is an economic giant and a superpower. As a matter of fact, the EU influences the economic activities and policies of most nations of the world and plays a key role in the global economy and occupies the first rank in this area (The Rationale for Studying the Outcomes of European Foreign Policy Activity). In the international arena the EU had evolved as a superpower from its very inception. It underwent considerable modifications and later on it expanded itself by establishing common institutions and foreign policy requirements. In 1958, the Rome Treaty founded the European Community and established a legal pedestal on which the EU forged ahead to influence international trade activities, foreign aid programs and diplomatic terms with countries that were not its members. In 1970, the European Political Cooperation was established to facilitate governments to initiate dialogue and promote mutual cooperation with respect to foreign policy matters. In 1987, the Single European Act was developed. In 1993, the EU was institutionalized by the Treaty. The EU is supported by three pillars, the first is the European Community, the second is the New Common Foreign and Security Policy and the third pillar is comprised of by the policies with regard to anticrime and police cooperation (The Rationale for Studying the Outcomes of European Foreign Policy Activity). In 1998, the Treaty of Amsterdam had modified the Treaty of European Union. It brought about High Representation for the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The European Security and Defense Identity was supplanted by the European Security and Defense Policy in 1999. This change facilitated the EU to establish a rapid deployment force to maintain peace in the region. The Common Foreign and Security Policy is a set of objectives, procedures and devices formulated to encourage sophisticated joint actions and positions in foreign policy. The CFSP also formed the link between joint actions and civilian foreign policy of the EC. These developments transformed the EU into an international organization in the areas of commerce, trade, aid and diplomatic relations. Moreover, the European Foreign Policy addresses civilian actions, policies, relations, commitments and choices of the EU in international politics (The Rationale for Studying the Outcomes of European Foreign Policy Activity). The nature of the EFP controls the competence of the organs of the EU, so as to influence matters pertaining to international politics. As an international actor the EU enjoys a special status in international politics. However, there is still some doubt regarding the nature of the EU because it has no polity and because it is not a state or a territory with fixed borders. There are an array of tests that measure the end results of the foreign policy and decision – making power of the EU. However the scope of the CFSP was not utilized to the fullest extent by the EU. The end results achieved through this instrument clearly establish the prominence and effective role of the EU as an international actor in international politics (The Rationale for Studying the Outcomes of European Foreign Policy Activity).

A History of Digital Dignatures

A History of Digital Dignatures History of Digital signatures Whitfield Diffie and also Martin Hellman throughout 1976, were the first that explained the idea of an electronic digital unique structure. It was while they simply conjectured in these kinds of techniques, and quickly after, Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, along with Len Adleman conceived the RSA protocol. This could be utilized to create ancient electronic digital signatures. Ddespite the fact that simply being a proof-of-concept, the plain RSA signatures are not secure. The initial extensively advertised software package to provide digital signature had been Lotus. It was introduced throughout 1989, and is usually employed by the RSA algorithm. To make RSA unique tips, create an RSA essential set containing the modulus d thats the product of two large primes. Also imagine the integers: e as well as d such that e d = 1 (mod f(n)) The actual signers general public essential is made of n and also e, and the signers solution key is made up of d. For an indication, there is a communication m, and the sign computes s = md (mod n) To ensure, the receiver checks that s e = m (mod n). While noted before, this kind of basic structure just isnt really protected. In order to avoid episodes, one can very first, and then can implement a new cryptographic hash function for the communication m. And then he can apply the RSA formula described previously mentioned to the result. This strategy might be established secure inside so-called arbitrary prediction model. Some other digital camera unique strategies have been quickly created soon after RSA. The primary are Lamport signatures, Merkle signatures (also known as Merkle trees or perhaps Hash trees), and Rabin signatures. Inside 1988, Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Ronald Rivest took over as very first to carefully outline the protection specifications associated with digital trademark strategies. They defined any pecking order regarding attack models regarding unique schemes, and also found the GMR personal structure, the first that can be which may prevent perhaps an existential forgery in opposition to a new chosen information invasion. The majority of early on personal plans had been of the comparable type: they call for conditions trapdoor permutation, such as the RSA perform, or perhaps in true with the Rabin personal system, computing rectangular modulo amalgamated n. A trapdoor permutation family is a family group associated with permutations, particular by a parameter, that is simple to work out inside the forward route, yet is hard in order to figure out inside the invert path with no by now knowing the private essential. Even so, for every parameter there is a trapdoor (exclusive important) that if identified, quickly decrypts what its all about. Trapdoor permutations may very well be public-key security techniques, in which the parameter will be the open public essential and the trapdoor will be the key, and also where encrypting corresponds to computing the particular onward direction of the permutation, whilst decrypting corresponds for the change direction. Trapdoor combining can even be seen as electron ic digital personal schemes, where computing the opposite direction with the entire secret key is thought of as signing, and research the actual forwards course is performed to verify signatures. Because of this messages, electronic digital signatures are often called determined by public-key cryptosystems, in which deciding upon is equivalent to decryption and verification is the same as encrypted shield, however this isnt the only method electronic signatures are usually calculated. Employed immediately, such a unique system is actually at risk of a new key-only existential forgery attack. To make a forgery, the particular attacker choices any haphazard trademark s and uses the confirmation process to look for the communication m equivalent compared to that signature. Used, nevertheless, this sort of unique isnt used right, but alternatively, the material to become signed can be initial hash to generate a short digest thats then closed. This forgery assault next, only generates the actual hash function output which refers to s, and not a message that leads for its benefit (which does not cause an attack). Within the random oracle model, this specific hash-and-decrypt form of unique is existentially un-forgeable, actually in opposition to a chosen-message assault. There are several top reasons to sign this type of hash (or perhaps message absorb) instead of the entire record. For performance: The trademark will probably be much quicker thereby save time considering that hashing is mostly considerably quicker than putting your signature on in practice. For being compatible: Mail messages are normally little bit guitar strings, however, many signature strategies run on other areas (including, in the case of RSA, amounts modulo an amalgamated number n). A new hash perform may be used to convert an haphazard feedback into the appropriate file format. With regard to ethics: Without the hash operate, the words to end up being signed might have to end up being divided (divided) in prevents sufficiently small for your unique system to do something on them straight. Nonetheless, the particular device in the agreed upon blocks is not able to acknowledge if every one of them is present and in the proper get. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL SIGNATURES The main benefit thing about public-key cryptography can be the increase in security, as well as comfort. This is because the private keys never need to be transported or exposed to any person. In a very secret-key technique as comparison, the secrets recommendations should be carried (both physically and through a conversation station), and there might be a possibility that the opponent could find the secret during their transmitting. Another significant benefit from public-key programs is that they provide one way functions with regard to digital signatures. Validation by the way of using secret-key systems requires only the expressing associate of the key. But sometimes it needs interaction of a third party as well. Therefore, a new mailer can be easily repudiated by a previously authenticated concept. This is through proclaiming how the discussed solution ended up being for some reason affected by the events revealing the secrets. As an example, the particular Kerberos secret-key authentication method consists of a new central repository that maintains replicates in the solution recommendations of most consumers. This way an attack on the databases will allow widespread forgery. Public-key authentication, conversely, stops this sort of repudiation; every single individual offers single obligation regarding safeguarding his / her individual crucial. This particular residence associated with public-key authentic ation is frequently named non-repudiation. A problem with using public-key cryptography pertaining to encryption is actually rate: youll find well-liked secret-key encryption techniques which are drastically more quickly as compared to any kind of available today public-key file encryption strategy. On the other hand, public-key cryptography works extremely well using secret-key cryptography for the greatest involving all possible. For encryption, the very best option would be to combine public- and secret-key methods to achieve the two security benefits of public-key programs and the velocity benefits of secret-key systems. Your public-key technique may be used to defend the key which is used to ensure the bulk of personal files or even communication. Such a process is known as digital camera envelope.. Public-key cryptography may be susceptible to impersonation, nevertheless, even though users exclusive recommendations usually are not obtainable. A successful invasion with a qualifications specialist enables an adversary in order to impersonate anyone the particular adversary selects to by using a public-key qualification from your jeopardized expert to situation an integral in the adversarys option to the category of yet another person. In several conditions, public-key cryptography is not required along with secret-key cryptography on its own is risk. This consists of situations where protected secret-key arrangement may take spot, for example through consumers conference within an individual. It also includes conditions in which a one expert understands and also manages all of the recommendations. As an example, a new closed financial program. Since the management knows everybodys keys already, theres not a lot advantages for it to get public. Furthermore, in public-key cryptography it is normally not needed in single-user surroundings. For instance, if you want to keep the data protected, you can do so with any kind of secret-key file encryption algorithm employing, declare, your individual security password because magic formula essential. Generally, public-key cryptography is best suited with an available multi-user natural environment. Public-key cryptography just isnt meant to exchange secret-key cryptography, but instead to be able to dietary supplement the idea, to restore safer. The initial way of using public-key methods ended up being for risk-free crucial exchange, in the otherwise secret-key system, which is nonetheless among its major capabilities. Secret-key cryptography remains vitally important and is also the subject of a lot continuing review as well as investigation. A few secret-key cryptosystems are usually discussed inside the areas about prevent ciphers along with flow ciphers.

Vouchers and School Choice - No Need to Separate Church and State Essay

School Choice: No Need to Separate Church and State Imagine that the fire department decided not to put out fires at synagogues and churches. Or imagine that the police decided not to answer calls from synagogues and churches. "So sorry," they say, "there's a wall of separation around your church, and we can't cross it to help you. Hire your own fire protection and your own security guards." This would rightly be seen as outrageous discrimination. Sure, the government shouldn't specially favor religious institutions, but the government shouldn't discriminate against them, either. The government should separate itself from religion by not caring whether a person or institution is religious -- by treating everyone equally regardless of their religious affiliation. The same is true of education, which is for many people the most valuable benefit that the state provides. The government shouldn't give more benefits to religious school students than it gives to students at secular schools, whether government-run or private. But why must it give anything less? The First Amendment doesn't require such discrimination against religion; it simply bars laws "respecting an establishment of religion." Equal treatment of everyone, without regard to religion, is not an establishment of religion. This is why the GI Bill, which let soldiers choose either a religious education or a secular one, was perfectly constitutional. It's why the government may give scholarships or student loans to al... ... voters can decide to help all children, without discriminating against those whose parents choose a religious education. My parents sent me to secular schools. If I have children, I'll probably send them to secular schools, too. But I know others have a different preference. They pay their taxes just like I do. The government may provide services for these people's kids on the same terms as it provides services for my kids. That's the true meaning of the Constitution, whether we're talking about police services, the fire department, the GI Bill, or elementary schools. Equality for all. Special benefits for none. Discrimination against none.

John Adams Essays -- essays research papers

John Adams, who became the second president of the United States, has been accused by some historians of being the closest thing America ever had to a dictator or monarch (Onuf, 1993). Such strong accusations should be examined in the context of the era in which Mr. Adams lived and served. A closer examination of the historical events occurring during his vice presidency and his term as president, strongly suggests that Adams was not, in fact, a dictator. Indeed, except for his lack of charisma and political charm, Adams had a very successful political career before joining the new national government. He was, moreover, highly sought after as a public servant during the early formation of the new federal power (Ferling, 1992). Adams was a well educated, seasoned patriot, and experienced diplomat. He was the runner-up in the election in which George Washington was selected the first United States President. According to the electoral-college system of that time, the second candidate with the most electoral votes became the Vice President (Smelser & Gundersen, 1975). As president, Washington appointed, among others, two influential political leaders to his original cabinet; Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. Jefferson, a veteran politician became the Secretary of State and Hamiliton, a young, outspoken New Yorker lawyer, became the Secretary of the Treasury (Ferling, 1992). Jefferson, like Adams, had also signed the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, however, was the only cabinet member relatively unknown to Adams (Ferling, 1992). It was Hamilton, nonetheless, who excelled during this new administration by initiating numerous, innovative, and often controversial programs, many of which were quite successful. Adams and Hamilton were both Federalists. Unlike Hamiliton, Adams was more moderate (Smelser & Gundersen, 1975). During this first administration, Adams and Hamilton quarreled (Washington Retires, 1995), and Adams contemptuously began referring to Hamilton as â€Å"his puppyhood† (DeCarolis, 1995). This created a rift in the administration, for Washington generally favored Hamiliton (Smelser & Gundersen, 1975), and disregarded Adams (Ferling, 1992). Hamilton also went to great lengths to drive Jefferson out of the cabinet (Allison, 1966). Jefferson did finally, indeed, resign from the cabinet. The Federalists â€Å"party,† of which Hamiliton w... ...larity in the latter part of his term. It should also be pointed out that though the Sedition Act was anti-democratic in practice, Thomas Jefferson, who defeated Adams, used it against the Federalists in 1803 (People v. Croswell) and indicted a publisher (DeCarolis, 1995). Jefferson was not accused of being a dictator for such non-democratic actions. Adams was neither dictatorial in his conduct, or imperial in his policies. He appeared to have had the interest of the common people at heart. The conflict with France, the high taxes needed to keep the army and navy operating, and the poor legislative faux pas Congress made during period time, all cast a negative reflection on President Adams. This provided his opponents, like Hamilton, Burr, and even Jefferson, with political leverage to use against him, just as politicians and political parties do in our own modern era. If Adams were a dictator, then one must ask would the citizens elect his son to be the future president, twenty-four years later? Or, how his grandson, Charles Francis Adams, became America’s minister to London. Apparently the citizenry remembered President Adams in a positive, democratic way, and not as a dictator.

American Business History for Motor Vehicle Assembler

Contained in this essay is a business history for one of the first motor vehicle assemblers in the United States. Several aspects of the company and the entire industry would be discussed herein.The company’s organizational structure was at that time hierarchically arranged, with lower management and job levels reporting to top ones—all the way to corporate governance.The company had a 5000-labor force; most were located in the assembling facilities as assemblers. Marketing employees were scattered all over the country and therefore gave the company a national outlook. Other than employees, the company had a network of associates that provided vital services and support.Like many other motor vehicle assemblers in the United States, this one, too, was initially located in Detroit, Michigan (Robert, 2005, p. 96). Among the reasons for locating in the Midwest was high concentration of various parts suppliers in the region, which helped reduce the cost of transporting to ot her areas. In addition, the high concentration of vehicle part makers and assemblers resulted to development of highly skilled population, whose employment increased company productivity.The three resources needed to run the vehicle assembler included parts and accessories, skilled labor and energy. All three components were widely available in the region and in abidance. In addition, company founders understood that increased demand for respective products would call for more of the three inputs and therefore chose to locate in Detroit, a city famed for its ability to provide industrial environmental support to motor assemblers (Nelson & Stephen, 2001, p. 147).As mentioned earlier, parts and accessories were sourced from independent suppliers although the company was manufacturing some. Labor was readily available and the company embarked on retraining employees as a way of improving assembling skills. Power was bought from independent producers who had proved reliable on that fron t.The initial capital to start the business was $650 Million that was raised from banks and share offering. The company founders first embarked on seeking bank loan on which they raised about $250 Million. The industry’s potential to create money for investors led to several wealthy individuals seeking to provide capital for the company, on which another $150 Million was realized. These amount was however not enough capital, which led to founders floating shares in New York Stock Exchange. Investors from all walks of life applied for the stock. In fact, company shares were over subscribed by over 100 percent.The final products (motor vehicles) were supplied to customers through company owned dealerships in major cities (Stephen, 2003, p. 54). The company was also encouraging individual entrepreneurs to establish own outlets to market company products.Discounts and other incentives resulted to establishment of privately owned dealership all over the country, and thus gave the company a national outlook. The company was finally able to reach its target market—all Americans hungry of enjoying the newly found mobility (Haruhito & Kazuo, 1995, p. 108).The motor vehicles were competitively priced in order to appeal to the target market. To publicize the products and create differentiation from competitors, the company was undertaking campaign tours throughout the country; privately owned dealerships were provided with assistance in marketing around respective jurisdictions.Despite the many benefits of mobility provided by motor vehicle, the company and the entire industry were concerned with fatal accidents, which resulted to legal considerations on assemblers’ liability (David, 2004, p. 18). Industry participants thus embarked on warning customers on the dangers and the need to be careful when operating motor vehicles.ReferencesDavid, A. (2004). The Genesis of American Mass Vehicle Production. Baltimore: JHU.Haruhito, S. & Kazuo W. (1995). Ford ism Transformed. New York: OUP.Nelson, L. & Stephen, M. (2001). On the Line. Urbana: UoI.Robert, A. (2005). History of   US Auto Industry. Albany: SUNNY.Stephen, M.   (2003). Competition Management in US Auto Industry. Albany:   SUNNY.

Explanatory Synthesis

Sania Arsala Professor Anthony Pino English 101A 4 April 2013 The Source of Magic: Explanatory Synthesis Although there are many fairy tales, â€Å"Cinderella† is a fairly well-known magical story enjoyed and told by arguably thousands of cultures around the world. In the typical â€Å"Cinderella† fairy tale, the Fairy Godmother magically appears and transforms Cinderella from her destitute state into a beautiful princess who lives happily ever after with her Prince Charming. There are many versions of â€Å"Cinderella† from the different cultures that have embedded magic into the fairy tale.The source of that magic and tests differs in the ways it unites the Cinderella characters with her Prince Charming characters. Amongst the plethora of different cultures’ versions of â€Å"Cinderella,† Walt Disney uses the most common type of fairy tale magic. Once the stepsisters go to the ball, Cinderella is sobbing because she wants to go too. Her Fairy Godm other suddenly appears and helps Cinderella prepare for the ball. She magically turns a pumpkin into a coach, mice into horses, and the dog into a footman.One last important magic spell is left to cast, and as the Fairy Godmother waves her magic wand and sings, â€Å"Salaga doola, Menchicka boola, Bibbidi bobbidi boo! † Cinderella’s ragged clothes turn into a beautiful gown. However, Cinderella is warned by the Fairy Godmother that she has to leave the ball before the clock strikes midnight because the spell will break and everything will turn back into its original form. Cinderella must take heed in what Fairy Godmother told her or consequences may follow.With the help of the Fairy Godmother, Cinderella is able to go to the ball, and she falls in love with the prince. Prince Charming is also madly in love with her and goes from house to house looking for her. Because of the magical transformation of Cinderella’s appearance, the prince’s only hope to find his princess is by making every girl try on the glass shoe Cinderella left behind at the ball. The use of magic allows the story to end happily. However, the Fairy Godmother does not appear in some of the other cultures’ â€Å"Cinderella† stories; she is not the source of magic.In the Native American version of Cinderella, â€Å"Oochigeaskw, The Rough-Faced Girl,† no magic used to find her prince until after she meets the Invisible One. Unlike in Disney’s version, her own two malicious sisters physically torture Oochigeaskw: â€Å"The wicked sister would burn her hands and feet with hot cinders, and she was covered with scars from this treatment† (246). Without any help from anyone, Oochigeaskw decides to design a dress for herself out of sheets of birch bark.Even though Oochigeaskw does not look as beautiful as the Disney Cinderella, her inner beauty and ambition make her successful in her mission without the need of a fairy godmother to unite he r with the Invisible One. When the Invisible One’s sister asks Oochigeaskw if she can see him, she responds, â€Å"I do indeed—and he is wonderful! † (247). With that being said, the Invisible One’s sister takes her home and bathes her. Magically, her scars disappear from her innocent body, her hair looks rich and silky, and her eyes shine like stars.Oochigeaskw looks breathtakingly beautiful and becomes the Invisible One’s beloved wife. Oochigeaskw’s patience and diligence help her achieve what she wants, the Invisible One. The source of magic in this fairy tale is the Invisible One’s sister. Although the sister reveals Oochigeaskw’s true beauty by bathing her, this happens only after Oochigeaskw passes the pivotal test. Indeed, every â€Å"Cinderella† story has unique magic and hardships in it, but the source of magic and test is different in each version.Whether it is a Fairy Godmother or the Invisible One’s si ster, the fairy tale is neither complete nor successful without their presence. Their magic and test arise questions from readers whether â€Å"Cinderella† and prince charming will ever reunite, yet they still have hope for a â€Å"happily-ever-after† ending. One of the the significant difference between the two fairy tales is that Disney Cinderella hides her real self and beauty to win the prince’s love rather Oochigeaskw does not need material things to make her look beautiful in order to conquer the Invisible One’s heart.Oochigeaskw did not ask for the help of magic to give her happiness which was the Invisible one, instead she was blessed with it. On the other hand, Cinderella and Prince Charming are able to unite and become one forever with the aide of magic. Further, even though the Native American â€Å"Cinderella† has a different story compared to the Disney version, the theme of magic and test given to â€Å"Cinderella† helps reader s understand it is a Cinderella story, as does the fact that both characters at the end marry their beloved and live happily ever after.Readers can also conclude that every â€Å"Cinderella† does not necessarily need magic; with self-confidence and patience one can achieve their goals and desires just like Oochigeaskw. Work Cited â€Å"Oochigeaskw-The Rough-Faced Girl. † Writing and Reading Across The Curriculum, 12th Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 245-247. Print. Grant, Campbell. â€Å" Walt Disney’s Cinderella. † Writing and Reading Across The Curriculum, 12th Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 247-249. Print.

A Discourse Theory of Citizenship

A Discourse Theory of Citizenship This article discusses the concept of citizenship and how citizenship as a form of public engagement is crucial to democracy as a whole. The author, Robert Asen, presents a new view that citizenship is a dynamic mode of public engagement. The first section of the article discusses questions about public beliefs and perspectives. The second section of the article discusses how citizenship is a mode of public engagement. The third section discusses how public engagement must be examined and what can be learned from that analysis. The final section discusses how the concept of citizenship can be extended through the author’s Discourse Theory. The first part of the article begins by explaining how within the public and even within groups all sets of views or values are not universal. This means that it is a challenge to represent the views of groups. This also means that members of groups need to stand up for their views. For example, if you are part of a human rights organization, but do not approve of their stated views on a particular country, you should make your voice heard. This presents a challenge to group leadership because they have to make the group’s stated views more general in order to not alienate any of the participants. In addition, people do not have a general view on how decisions should be made. For example, the article mentioned how the activist AIDS organization, ACT UP, had a great deal of trouble coming up with a consensus about whether or not they should testify in front of Congress. These facts mean that the views and perspectives of a group of people, their subjectivity, is more of an ever-changing process than a static group of opinions and should be treated as such. This idea is significant to communication as a whole because it helps understand why it is important to constantly make sure that no one’s views in a group are being marginalized. The next section discussed how citizenship is a mode of public engagement. It explains that citizenship is not a group of well-defined privileges that come with legally living in a country, but instead it is much more. It is a way of getting involved with the world around you. Citizenship is a process of dealing with the world that influences the views and beliefs of the public. It does not have to come from only voting; it exists in multiple modes. Some of these modes include consumer choices, work habits, and volunteer work. These sorts of actions could be more important than voting alone. This is because voting does not show your views in great personal detail and therefore does not always help advance your personal beliefs into public discussion. Voting only ascribes your views to one of two general view sets, which most people do not generally agree with completely. The other forms of citizenship, such as volunteering at a soup kitchen, can more accurately represent your views and ideas of how the world ought to be run. This is because the public sees how you are acting to directly make a change in society and may decide to join you in your cause. As the article says, â€Å" Democracy’s heart does not beat in the halls of Congress or in the voting booth, but in everyday enactments of citizenship† (Asen, 197). The important communication concept that can be taken from this section, is that the power of democracy rests on normal people and not on elected officials or bureaucrats. This makes it extremely important that one’s views are expressed both in public discourse and in the way one lives their life. The responsibilities of living in a democracy do not only come once every two years for elections, but are present every day during human interactions. The next section discusses how public engagement in the form of citizenship must be examined. Public engagement is not a static set of concepts, but instead a fluid, dynamic process of interaction that occurs at a personal level. Consequently, it is different from person to person and must be treated specially. The dynamic nature of citizenship makes it impossible to make specific theories of how the public engages in citizenship. This means that there cannot be true experts in the analysis of human-to-human interaction. It does not, however, prevent qualitative analysis of public engagement in citizenship. This section also discussed how it is inherently risky to engage in citizenship. The risk occurs when an individual’s views are known and the public becomes aware of one’s beliefs. For example, participating in a Pro-Choice organization could lead some of your Pro-Life neighbors to dislike you for your views. On the other hand, there is a social benefit to this risk because it can expose you to people who share similar views to you. This common bond of risk unites organizations and makes them stronger over time. The important communication topic in this section is that communicating your views involves risk, but that risk is worthwhile because it can lead to stronger social ties. The last section focused on how the definition of citizenship is expanded when the author’s Discourse Theory of Citizenship is applied. The definition of citizenship is traditionally limited to the rights and privileges that are granted to individuals who are legally living in a country. With the application of this new theory, the definition can be expanded in a few ways. First the, relationship between the citizen and citizenship has been reformulated. No longer is citizenship just the product of being a citizen, but instead it is a way of acting. Second, citizenship is not something that all citizens have equally. While every citizen can vote, the affect he/she has on public discourse also depends on power and money. For example, a rich individual can attend special interest meetings that require large donations in order to participate. This makes these people more capable of influencing what laws are ultimately passed. Another example is how in the past and still to a certain extent now, race can either help or hinder one’s level of citizenship. The third expansion of our understanding of citizenship is through the analysis of hybrid cases of citizenship. Hybrid cases of citizenship are instances when normal everyday acts are also forms of citizenship. One example of this is if an individual spends more money at an organic food store because they want to support the organic food industry. The expansion of the definition of citizenship through the Discourse Theory of Citizenship allows for a better understanding of citizenship and how public communication in many different forms is responsible for maintaining an effective democracy. When communicating through citizenship, it is important to understand that the citizenship includes more than just voting. It also includes everyday person-to-person interactions, buying choices, and group memberships. By understanding citizenship through this expanded definition, it is possible to better focus public discourse in ways that can advance one’s personal beliefs and goals.

Gender and Emotions: Different Gender Shows Different Emotional Behavior Essay

Based from my observations, men are more action-based while women are more verbal-based when it comes to expressing their emotions. Women tend to misunderstand men because men tend to keep most of their emotions to themselves. They usually express their emotions through actions. Women sometimes, if not regularly, ask the questions–‘how are you doing,’ ‘what are you thinking,’ or ‘why are you doing this/that’–when the one they’re talking to suddenly became quiet or, simply, just to start a conversation. Some men find it sweet in some way if a woman ask them these questions but commonly men find it a nuisance especially, when it’s been asked repeatedly. Women, even the quiet ones, are talkative when the topic of the conversation is about expressing emotions or, simply, share experiences. They always search for someone that would listen to them whether the person they found is a man or a woman. If a man were to listen, they would usually hold back their emotions while a woman is pouring out hers. In expressing emotions, men act while women talk their feelings. Firstly, what is gender? According to the Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language: International Edition, gender, as a noun, is the â€Å"classification of words†¦according to the sex of the referent† (Webster’s, 1994). Gender classifies a person or an animal as male or female. In human, it classifies the person as a man or woman, boy or girl, or, male or female. Mainly, gender is what differentiates men from women. Secondly, what is emotion? According to Kendra Cherry, a writer specialized in psychology, child development and education and author of the article â€Å"Theories of Emotion: Major Theories in Emotion† in Emotion, stated that, â€Å"emotions exert and incredibly powerful force on human behavior† (Cherry, 2005). This statement is true. What a person feels can affect the quality of the work done in the workplace or in the school. Emotions can also have its effect during a family time especially, when negative emotions arise. When such emotions occur, people start making mistakes, being absent-minded, ignoring a person’s call, and many more. According to the authors of the book, General Psychology: Fourth Edition, emotion is a â€Å"response† of the individual which â€Å"involves changes† internally and externally. It is described as a â€Å"complex process involving minute physiological, neural, and glandular changes† in the whole body (2004, p. 180). These state that emotions cause a process to occur which involves socializing with others to get a feedback from them. Once a feedback had been received, the body will be stimulated to show the emotion of the person on the topic or on the situation. To simplify what is emotion, emotion serves as a glimpse into a person’s behavior through the changes occurred or is occurring in the body. Lastly, what is emotional behavior? Based on the book, General Psychology: Fourth Edition, â€Å"†¦communicating an emotion like the use of the hands and body movements, and gestures; but people seem to pay greater attention to facial expression† (2004, p. 183). This statement states that any movement that the body does show the person’s emotion at that moment whether knows of it or not. The human body speaks of what emotion is being kept inside such as anger, fear, jealous, joy, lonely, love, sadness, and surprise. These emotions are characterized with recognizable gestures of the human body such as–in joy, smiling is a sign that a person is joyful; in sadness, teardrops will fall, and many more. To put it in short terms, emotional behavior is described as expressing the emotion through the use of the body or parts of it. In this research paper, comparison and contrast will be conducted between men and women on how they show some of the emotions mentioned before. It will enlighten the reader’s knowledge on how the opposite gender may react on specific situations. It will also give the reader a small glimpse into the emotional aspect of the opposite gender. This research paper can serve as a guide in dealing emotions not only that of the reader’s but also that of others. I. Anger Anger, according to Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language: International Edition, is an emotion that shows â€Å"rage or passionate displeasure† (Webster’s, 1994). This means that anger is an intense emotion which might result to injuries. Even though it is an intense emotion, it can be prevented. Men and women show anger in an almost similar way. They only differ in the time it takes for them to go destructive at each other. Whether the person is a man or a woman, anger can still be a dangerous emotion. From the Christian Community Bible: Fourth Edition, the verse, James 1:20, states â€Å"for human anger does not fulfill the justice of God† (Bible, 1990). This verse tells that if a person is nurturing anger, eventually, this will cause that person to commit a sin or, as people would call it, a crime. Once, my high school teacher, Teacher Beverly Sumpio, had said, â€Å"Satan’s minions take pleasure on people with negative feelings by manipulating and causing them to stray away from the path that God has chosen for them† (Sumpio, 2008). This quotation states that Satan’s minions don’t waste time when a person is absorbing a negative emotion because it’s like food and entertainment for them. When a person is angry, there is a great possibility that the emotion can’t be compressed inside. If this were to happen, expressing anger shows shouting at others, destruction of things, and even, hurting their selves or others. In short, anger is a negative emotion that may cause destructions. Through my observation, men tend to release their anger by acting them out like the scenes from the movies such as punching a wall, kicking garbage cans, and even to the extent of almost destroying his room. But, these are just on non-human things. Things may get ugly when people are used as punching bags for an angry man and even worst if women are victimized by this anger. But, here’s one thing, most men would feel much better after releasing their rage on something. If men were to feel slightly angry, then they can compress it to themselves and hide it until surpasses. Therefore, men express their intense anger by acting it out so that they wouldn’t harm themselves even more than that of expressing them. When it comes to women and their anger, women are more into talking or rather shouting them out. Based on my own experience, when women are angry with each other, they talk it out with each other. If the person who is angered upon is not present, talking about the anger that one has with other people is almost like backstabbing. After telling a few persons and giving time to calm their selves, eventually, the anger will subside. In a fiery conversation, women both cry and shout at each other. The worst case scenario in a conversation is that when women start to tag at each others’ hair and rolling over each other because of the anger they felt. When things get out of control, women would become destructive in a way like throwing anything they could reach anywhere, shouting from the top of their lungs, and possibly, causing to carry a grudge at the person angered upon. As much s possible, women avoid conflicts because it takes a very long time to forget about the anger completely. According to Dr. Israel Helfand, a Vermont marriage and family therapist and author of the article â€Å"What Lies Behind the Anger of Men? †, stated that when men were boys, they were taught that showing anger is â€Å"unacceptable† especially when a woman is present (Helfand, 1992). If a man and a woman are an gry at each other, at first, the fight will start by talking. Then, it will quickly develop into a fiery conversation where both of them started to shout at each other. When the man feels like he is losing the fight, he has two choices to choose upon–to walk out or to raise his hand. If he chooses to walk out then he is not only saving his dignity as a man but also saving the woman. Why is he able to save the woman? It’s because scars and bruises wouldn’t appear and her dignity as a woman will also be saved. In a fight between a man and a woman, the man usually acts as the off-switch of the fight because it takes more fuel to make a woman engaged into a destructive kind of anger than that of a man. II. Fear  Based from the Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language: International Edition, fear is the â€Å"instinctive emotion† when a person is faced by â€Å"danger, pain or evil† (Webster’s, 1994). This statement means that fear can be seen when a specific situation happens. An example is when a boy is chased by a barking dog. Instincts would tell him to run or be bitten. In the end, the boy would run as fast as he can to avoid being bitten because he knows that it’ll hurt when he gets bitten. Fear strikes when the human mind knows that something bad will happen. As a result, it will instruct the body to avoid that something. In short, fear is the emotion that one feels when one is threaten. When men are faced with something that they fear, they try to hide it as much as possible. They don’t want anybody to see them frightened because they’re afraid of what people would say especially, when women are around. People would say that the man is weak when he gets scared of things. That’s why they chose to hide it or face their fear even for a moment. Men fear many things. Commonly, when men are afraid, they look pale, shiver in place, stop moving and sometimes, deny fear but the tone of their voices give the int of fear in them. They are not exempted of having this emotion because of their masculinity or toughness. Aside from God, there are varieties of fear. There are men who are afraid of going into a relationship because they fear rejection and responsibility. In the presence of a woman, they certainly don’t allow themselves to show fear because the woman might be disappointed if a man is displaying this. Men are careful when to show their fear in something. But, phobias are understandable because even men can’t hide fear when this type of fear is faced. Therefore, even men are sometimes afraid. According to â€Å"ABC’s of the Human Mind† from Reader’s Digest, in a woman’s case, fear can serve as â€Å"a protective device† (Digest’s, 2006). Why? It is because women don’t like to be hurt so they avoid things that might hurt them. This may show that women are always thinking about themselves but the truth is that women are just taking precautionary measures. When faced by their fear, women would froze in place, would cry their eyes out, would look pale as a ghost, would hardly breath, would run or get away as they could, or, the most common reaction, would scream on the top of their lungs then panic might take place. Women are very careful in choosing situations. They think of the consequences and the out come of the situation. If the outcome is to be hurt full on her side then she would avoid that situation. There are women who also try to hide their fear by acting tough. But, the truth is that deep inside their scared to the bones. An example of this situation is when a mother and a daughter got kidnapped. Now, this situation is commonly seen in several movies. The mother would try not to cry in fear in front of her daughter while the daughter is crying pools of tears. In truth, the mother is as scared as the daughter. But, she can’t show it because she knows that crying would increase the fear that is felt by her daughter. Therefore, the mother would compress her fear and tell her daughter that everything is going to be all right even though it’s not. To simplify everything, women uses fear to protect themselves and others. Fear is an emotion that might be triggered suddenly. Like it was stated earlier, fear is instinctive. When in fear, the human mind may take control of the human body. It can cause the body to move whether you want to or not. In handling fear, men are better in hiding it while women react at the very moment by either screaming or panicking. Men are more composed while women may breakdown. In an unexpected situation, such as being held at gunpoint by a burglar, men are more likely to fight back because it’s how they react. Women, on the other hand, would gladly give the things that the burglar is asking for to avoid being hurt. Men are quiet about their fearful experiences while women tell theirs to others who are interested in hearing. Therefore, fear is an emotion that everyone feels when something bad is going to happen. Men quiet down while women chatter more. III. Jealousy Jealousy, as the Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language: International Edition defines, is a â€Å"state of fear, suspicion or envy caused by a real or imagined threat or challenge to one’s possessive instincts† (Webster’s, 1994). This definition shows that jealousy is a mix of several emotions. A person may feel jealous if something important is being taken away little by little. Jealousy shows up when it involves two persons generally in lovers. Men and women usually try to hide this emotion especially when there’s a relationship involve between the two since jealousy shows that they have little trust at each other and it may cause the destruction of the relationship. In other words, jealousy is born when the person’s possessiveness over something is at stake. In my observations, jealousy takes a toll in men’s emotional state. The most obvious cause of jealousy for men is the redirecting of attention of the woman he loves. If jealousy is mild then they try to hide it. But, some men cope by acting them out. Like swaying back and forth, walking away from the scene, or turning away. Another coping mechanism of men is the devotion of his time, effort and attention on something else just to take his mind off the things that makes him jealous. If the woman he loves is mingling with other men, regardless if these men are friends of his or not, and he suddenly changes his attitude and tone of talking, then chances are that he is jealous. To avoid a man’s jealousy, the woman he loves should mingle less with other men aside from him. If jealousy has already grown then stopping its development is to say simple ‘sorry. If the woman knows that the man is jealous because of her actions then she would mingle with him more. By noticing what he does, poking his tickle areas, making him smile and even to the extent of being annoying might be enough to make him forget the jealousy. By doing these things, it can give attention and a sense of importance which he longs for. These factors are no t fixed because it depends on the situation and the personality of the person involved. In short, jealousy is obvious in men but that’s from what I observed. Based from my observations and experiences, women can be jealous because of many things especially, when their husband or partner is involved. When men ask permission from their wife or partner to go out with some friends, women would usually say these statements: ‘sure, go ahead,’ ‘okay, I understand,’ or, ‘it’s your choice. ’ They’re all positive statements but hidden behind those words is the irritating feeling of jealousy. Having your husband or partner spending time with someone or something else is very irritating to the nerves. But, no matter how much women hide their feeling of jealousy, it still can be seen in their eyes. They know this, therefore, they try to avoid eye-contact and make themselves busy with other things. A woman’s jealousy can go away as quickly as it came by simply noticing what she has been doing, or, for a more effective result, by spending quality time with her. Making meals for her, cuddling her, or whispering sweet words in her ears would be the right mix of things to do to make her forget about her jealousy and, possibly, make her fall in love again. Women like these things because it makes them feel important. Then, every problem during the day would just go away within seconds. But, take note, don’t let the jealousy stay too long because develops through time. Therefore, the longer jealousy stays, the harder it goes away. That’s according to my observation but, like I stated earlier, it still depends on the personality of the person. According to Dr. Gail Saltz, a psychiatrist, she stated in her article â€Å"Jealousy: Is It the Same for Men and Women? † that â€Å"jealousy is an emotion all of us experience at some point in our lives† (Saltz, 2006). It’s true that all men and women experience jealousy whether it’s obvious to the eyes or not. Women would try to hide their jealousy by focusing on something else or by agreeing to what their husband or partner is trying to ask permission for. Men, on the other hand, are almost the same as women when they get jealous but their jealousy is somewhat obvious in some way. Therefore, men and women express jealousy in almost the same manner. IV. Love As the Webster’s Dictionary would show, love is â€Å"a powerful emotion† that one feels for another and develops with â€Å"deep affection, devotion or sexual desires† (Webster’s, 1994). This statement has been portrayed in many movies. Many drama or romantic movies portrayed love as the most powerful thing in the world and this is true. Love can either be a bad thing or a good thing in a person’s life. Having someone who inspires, motivates and cherishes you can cause you to improve your performance in work or in school. That’s the good thing about love. The bad thing is when you fall out of love. When you devoted most of your time and effort into your relationship then suddenly your relationship would fall apart, you might give up on things like school, work, family, and even to the point of giving up on living. Based from my high school teacher, Sir Oliver Samson, he stated â€Å"†¦don’t give a hundred percent in loving someone. Leave some for yourself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Samson, 2010). This statement means that you should also love yourself even not in the same percentage as you give to your partner. Because, loving yourself serves as a back up plan when your relationship would breakdown. In short, love is powerful that has good and bad effects. As stated before, men are action-based. They won’t say that they’re in love with a woman until they’re sure of it. But, before they confess their love, some simple signs would arise. Like getting jealous when the woman he loves is spending time with other men, trying to corner the woman to spend some quality time with her, joking around when in fact telling the truth, asking questions to the woman even though is not needed, giving his time when needed by the woman he loves even though he is very busy, doing just about anything to get noticed by that woman even to the extent of looking like a fool in front of everyone else, and sometimes, shying away when that woman comes close. Women find it difficult to tell whether he is serious of what he is saying especially, when he is a comedian type. A line from an anime series, Solty Rie, stated, â€Å"All jokes are composed of half true and half false. † This line is somewhat true because even a comedian puts some truth into his jokes. According to a friend, Jane Marie Tamayo, she quoted, â€Å"†¦even the smartest man can become a fool when it comes to love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tamayo, 2006). What she stated was true because, like it was stated before, love is powerful. It can change a person completely. Love can turn a bad man into a good one. The change can be noticeable. An example of this change is when the man is smoking then he suddenly stops doing it because his wife or partner told him it’s bad for the both of them. There are men who do what their wife or partner told them to do. This is where what Sir Oliver Samson, my high school teacher, had said comes. â€Å"Treat your wife like a queen and she will treat you like a king† (Samson, 2009). This statement also shows that a man shows his love by giving his service to the woman he loves. By doing this, it also displays his devotion to her and to their relationship. Therefore, when men express their love, they show it and later on, they say it. In the topic of love, women, on the other hand, say that their in love with someone. They would usually tell it to their female friends first. Men, relationships and the love life of others are the most common topic that a circle of female friends would chatter about. This doesn’t mean that women are noisy about other people’s life. It only shows that women especially, those who are single, are searching for Mr. Right. But, this search isn’t a walk through a park. It’s like searching for something that you know it’s one in a billion. Even though that this search is that difficult, all women hoped for a fairytale love story as their love life. There are some women who think of love as nothing. But, the truth is that they too hoped for this kind of love story once in their life. They just haven’t found their story yet or they got hurt in the process of finding it. When a woman is in love, she would devote her time and effort to the man she loves and doesn’t expect to receive anything in return and sometimes, shows concern like a mother. Always wanting to know what he might be doing and if he is thinking of her. Some would shy away. Others would deny it but it’s plain to see that she’s in love with him. Sometimes, women act differently if that special guy in around. A good example of this statement is when a woman with a strong appetite would suddenly become unable to eat or become a slow eater when the guy she likes is in front of her or staring at her. Nowadays, the statement ‘I love you’ can be said to almost everyone. But, for women, there comes a time when saying ‘I love you’ to someone will become difficult to say or it can be said but only once to a specific person. To sum it, women say it and may act it but there are some women who would say that there in love although they can’t show it because they may not know how. So when a woman says ‘I love you’ to a man that she loves and really meant it, it can be seen in her eyes that she meant what she said. Love is a complex emotion. People can become fools because of it. When a man and a woman are in love with each other, they experience joy in having to see each other smile. But, why do many love couples experience break ups? One reason is the happiness of one of the said couple. This statement is applicable when one of the said couple is showing more sad expressions than that of happy ones. To further explain this statement, here is an example. A couple is spending some quality time together but one of them is not enjoying as much as the other. Let’s say the man is the one who is not enjoying much. The woman with him would think that ‘I’m boring to be with,’ ‘he’s not enjoying,’ ‘I guess he doesn’t like me anymore,’ or ‘he deserve someone better. These ideas not only pop up in the minds of women but in men as well. Most break ups are hurtful because the way of explaining is not clear even though the intentions are good. There are people who are satisfied in just loving someone from afar. They’re the ones that would sacrifice their own happiness just to see that special someone happy. In short, men are into showing the love th ey have while women are more telling their love. Conclusion In the emotions that had been discussed, men are more on showing than women. Women, on the other hand, are more open which means that they are more into talking. The time span that the emotion becomes noticeable is also different like in the first chapter, anger. Women are noticed immediately when angry but they are all talk. Men shout as well when in anger but they go destructive much quicker then women. In the second chapter entitled as fear, men are more skillful in hiding their fears or their experiences of it than women. Women would show fear and after experiencing it, they would talk about it. The third chapter which is jealousy is a very interest topic to tackle. The most common reaction of a jealous man is the sudden change in attitude. In women, it’s denial. The fourth and last chapter discussed was titled as love. Men don’t say but show that’s why women are sometimes get confused of what they might be doing and for what reasons. Women, on the other hand, normally say it and sometimes they put it as a joke but it’s really true. Like I stated in the beginning of this research paper, men are action-based and women are verbal-based.