Golden Gate Bridge And Channel Tunnel Project Comparison Construction Essay

Golden Gate Bridge And Channel Tunnel Project Comparison Construction Essay Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge built at the opening of San Francisco in to Pacific Ocean. It connects the Marin County, California to the city of San Francisco. This project was approved in 1930 and started in January 1933 and finished by May 1937. It is the longest suspension bridge, by the time of its completion. The total length and width of this bridge is 2,737m and 27m respectively. 83,000 tons of steel from New Jersey, Maryland and Pennsylvania and Cables with length of 2,332m are used for construction. Two main cables pass over the towers and each of them is made up of 27,572 strands of wire that can cover eighty thousand miles and it took over six months to spin them. 128 high pressure sodium lamps are installed on the roadway. It was fully painted in orange vermillion color. Original paint was removed due to corrosion and it is repainted with emulsion top coat which took over 30 years. It is a popular internationally recognized and well structured civil engineerin g symbol throughout the world. Channel Tunnel United Kingdom: Channel Tunnel is a longest undersea tunnel in the world. It is also known as Chunnel. It is 50.5km long and 250ft deep undersea rail tunnel beneath English Channel. Chunnel links Kent in UK with Coquelles in northern France. Chunnel carries high passenger trains and also transports vehicles through trains. It is recognized as a one of the seven wonders of World by American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). This project was first proposed in 1802. But, due to political pressures it was compromised and later in 1988 the construction company Eurotunnel takeover the project. The project was completed by 1994 with 80% over budget. After its construction Chunnel has faced many problems, Illegal immigrants attempted to use it and Fires have disrupted the transport. Despite of all the problems during and after the construction, it is running successfully and it is considered as most successful project. Comparison of Projects There are various factors that influence the outcome of every project. So, it is important to identify the main objectives, scope, duration and budget of the project which helps to distinguish whether the project is successful or unsuccessful. In this report, I have considered the following factors to compare the Project management of Golden Gate Bridge and Channel Tunnel. Project Environment Golden Gate Bridge The city of San Francisco doesnt have a permanent link to surrounding cities across its bay area. The only route available was through ferry services started in 1820. Although Ferry services became famous and profitable in automobile industry, that doesnt show any impact on the development of the city in various sectors. Then, there was an initial proposal for building a bridge which was turned down due to various political and public issues. But finally project was started in the year of 1933 and completed by 1937. After the completion of project, San Francisco was also linked to other cities through roadways across the bay which in turn leads to overall economic development. Channel Tunnel Since 18th century France and United Kingdom were in need of affordable transportation links for their economic development. So the Channel Tunnel project was proposed. The actual commencement of project was delayed for more than a century after its preliminary proposal and trails. It had undergone various problematic phases like technology and machinery failures, Delays, Cost controls, Maintenance issues Political influences. Finally the project was completed by May 1994 and inaugurated by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President Francois Mitterrand and opened to full public services by 1995. After the completion of that project, UK has constructed the supportive projects like High speed 1. The link to Channel Tunnel called High speed1 runs 111km from London to Folkestone in Kent. It costs Euro 5.8 billions. This was opened by UK Prime Minister Tony Blair in September 2003. These trains travel at the speed of 300km/h from London to Paris in 2 hour 15minutes. Now with the stak eholders investment on constant maintenance, Channel Tunnel project is obtaining its main objective of developing transportation links. Stakeholders and their power and influence Golden Gate Bridge Stakeholders involved in this project played a major role for its execution. Initially the project has fewer funds for its execution. Then the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District authorized through legislature approved bonds that valued $30million, but they were unable to sell those bonds. Amadeo Giannini , founder of Bank of America influenced the project by agreeing to buy the bonds to help the local economy. Later the project was carried out by the Construction Company called Mc Clintic -Marshall Construction Co. founded by Howard H. Mc Clintic and Charles D. Marshall. This construction company effectively managed to follow business processes and acquire required raw materials from Suppliers like (Steel Construction- Bethlehem Steel co., Cable Steel supplier John A. Roeblings Sons Company) and Human resources from Consulting Engineers Ammann Whitney, Contractors Dillingham Construction, Seismic retrofit Contractors Balfour Beatty Construction and Co-Contracting Obayashi Corp., Shimmick Construction company Inc., Prestressing DYWIDAG Systems International USA Inc.. The Mc Clintic -Marshall Construction Co influenced the execution of the project by its proper project management with all the suppliers to obtain the Performance objectives, meet deadlines and control on costs. Finally, Stakeholders managed to complete the project $1.3million under estimated budget with out delays. Channel Tunnel The Channel Tunnel project was a very huge project which has various stakeholders. The Stakeholders include British Channel Tunnel group which has two banks and five construction companies, French -Manche group has three banks and five construction companies were formed. Banks were there to advice on loans, financials terms and companies for construction and related work. Stakeholders in rail design and rolling stock for Locomotives are(Brush British company ABB Swedish company), Passenger railcars (Bombardier Canadian company), Railcars for carrying freight vehicles (Breda and Fiat Italian company). This project was influenced at its maximum by the stakeholders investment and their political influences. The initial proposal itself was postponed several times over a century. After initial construction, project has faced various issues with technology, machinery, Human resources suppliers and maintenance problems. Finally the project was completed with the influence of stakeholde rs. Planning, Scheduling, Managing Resources and Project life cycle Golden Gate Bridge Before the bridge was built there was only a short route by boat between San Francisco and Marin County. This is Ferry service began in 1820 and later it became scheduled ferry service in 1840. The ferry crossing between San Francisco and Marin County cost US$1.00 per vehicle and it took 20mins. The city of San Francisco was served with ferry boats as it doesnt have permanent links with the other places around the bay. Many experts turned down the proposal for building a bridge across 6,700ft strait. Because it had swirling tides and currents in water at 500ft in depth and also fog and wind may prevent construction. Eventually, the proposal took place in 1916 by James Wilkins, city Engineer of San Francisco with the budget of $100million for which the government felt impractical. Later Joseph Strauss, ambitious engineer designed a 55 mile bridge across the strait with the promising budget of $17million. This proposal was accepted only on the assurance of Strauss to alter the design b y consulting project experts and they considered the suspension type of bridge due to recent improvements in metallurgy. The Project has faced opposition from various sources. The Navy feared about ship collision with bridge may block entry to harbors. Department of war was concerned with ship traffic. Unions demanded to benefit the local workers with employment. Southern Pacific rail road opposed the project to reduce the competition to ferry services. Later in 1928 the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District was authorized by legislature and incorporated as entity to design, construct and finance the project. The district raised $30 million for bond measure and then approved in 1930. Finally the project was carried out on January 1933 by the Construction Company called Mc Clintic -Marshall Construction Co. founded by Howard H. Mc Clintic and Charles D. Marshall. Strauss remained as a chief engineer of the project. At the time of approval the estimated budget for the construction of structure was $23million which ran over budget to $27million. The project was completed by April 1937 with $35million. T he bridge was opened to pedestrians on May 27 1937 which is made pedestrians day and later opened to vehicles. Channel Tunnel The life cycle of this project is very vast which spans from the year of 1802 to 1995. Channel Tunnel had faced many rejections for proposals before the actual commencement. Channel Tunnel between Dover, United Kingdom and Coquelles, France was first proposed in 1802 by French mining engineer Albert Mathieu. It was proposed to develop the links between two countries. The first geological and hydrographical survey was started in 1830 by Aime Thome de Gamond which resulted in positive for its construction. Later he proposed the project to Napoleon III and that was turned down. In 1867, William Low and Sir John Clarke Hawkshaw proposed the ideas which show the benefits to both the countries. But it was not implemented. In 1876, official Anglo French protocol for Channel Tunnel was established which lead to preliminary trails from both sides of the English Channel. This was opposed by the British political influences and press who feared that Tunnel may compromise with national defence. All these problems were encountered that delayed the project for a century. In 1919, during the Paris Press Conference the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George brought up the idea by reassuring to France. This was again delayed up to thirty years. In 1955, the defence arguments were turned down which lead to start the project. In 1974, the construction was started from the both sides of the Channel and it was ongoing up to one year till the dismay of the French partners and it was cancelled. Later In 1985, The British Channel Tunnel group which has two banks and five construction companies, French-Manche group has three banks and five construction companies were formed. Banks were there to advice on financials and loans. In 1986, Treaty of Canterbury was signed, that allowed proceedings with the project. The construction of the tunnel from both sides was started in 1988. During the construction, the service tunnel was broke through channel. It was finally completed by 1994. According to 2007, cost of construction was $10,153 billion which was cost overrun around 80%. The project was completed by Euro Tunnel which was officially opened on 6th May1994 by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President Francois Mitterrand. But, full service to public was opened in 1995. Project Risk Golden Gate Bridge Although it was a successful project, there were some possible risks for its execution, during and after execution. At the time of initial proposal the project faced opposition from various sources. The Department of war opposed the bridge, because the bridge may block the ships which increase Ship traffic. The Navy was in concern about the route blocking, because any ship collisions to bridge may block the routes to main harbors. The local unions demanded employment in construction and other sectors for their workers. Southern pacific Rail road opposed the bridge to reduce the competition to ferry services. The land required for construction was in dispute with Secretary of War. During the construction there was a concern about the strong tides and currents under water which would cause earthquake and could initiate collapsing of the structure. Ferocious winds and fogs may prevent the operation of construction. Now even after completion of project, it faces the risk of inhumanely be havior such as suicide and or fluctuating toll rates which makes impact on the citys revenue development. Channel Tunnel The very common risk for this type of under water tunnel projects is major water inflow in to surrounding areas. Channel Tunnel project had faced various risks with basic project design. The project ran over budget due to increase in machinery cost by 7% in 1988 and shutdown of machines due to failure in 1988. In 1989, Project faced Euros 1.2billion law suit by TML (Trans Manche link Consortium) against Eurotunnel and Change on door costs Euros 35million and risk with safety features, problems with Air cooling systems in 1991, Delay in delivery of systems acceptance certificates. After opened to public services, three fire accidents have occurred in tunnel. The first fire accident happened in 1996 with 1000 degrees Celsius which affected 50 meters of tunnel and damaged by blaze and the services were stopped for six months. The second was a minor accident happened in 2006 which made the tunnel to be closed for hours and the in September 2008, another accident occurred which made many people hospitalized and transportation was closed for two days. These accidents made a serious impact on the tunnel which in turn reduced the revenue and increased the hype for competitive services like flights and ferry services. These are only some of the risk that werent managed well in this project. Managing the Iron triangle Cost, Time, Quality Golden Gate Bridge Cost, Time and Quality are the three main factors to manage Iron Triangle. In this project, Cost Initial estimation of the project was $100 million which was then reduced to $17 million and finally fixed at $35million. The projects cost was well managed and executed with $1.3million under budget. Time The project was approved in the year of 1930 and its construction began in 1933 which was completed by 1937. The duration of the project was well managed without any delays. Quality The quality of the project wasnt standard. It depends up on suppliers and outsourcing organizations. Till today the project is undergone to various modifications which show that the required quality wasnt up to the mark in this project. Channel Tunnel In this project the concept of managing the factors like cost, time and quality wasnt done well. Cost The estimated budget of the project was $4.650 billion in 1985 and this was overrun up to 80% and it ended with $10,153 billion. Due to various risks it had faced in machinery, technology and delays, problems with suppliers the cost was almost more than double. The time factor wasnt managed properly. As it has many political influences and stakeholders, the project was delayed at every stage. The quality of the project was well managed during the after the completion of the project, when it is compared to cost and time. Apart from the three fire accidents, the project had reached its main objective by providing the quality transport services to travelers in Eurotunnel shuttle trains, users in Freight services. Soft factors Leadership, Teamwork, Commitment Golden Gate Bridge In this project, the concept of soft factors was well organized which in turn lead the project to be successful. Leadership The chief engineer Strauss took the responsibility to oversee the projects construction. Also he managed the teamwork to be well organized and to contribute its commitment for the project. The concept of project management was very well structured and organized by the Mc Clintic Marshall Construction Co. Company. With good leadership skills the company managed to get proper co-operation and commitment from its team, and all the suppliers and other stakeholders. These factors made the project to be completed in time and within the estimated budget. Channel Tunnel The concept of soft factors in this project is depended on various stakeholders involved in this project. But after its completion, Eurotunnel Company managed to deliver good leadership skills for the maintenance of the project. Though the project had faced various risks, the teamwork and commitment from the stake holders made the project to go for further proceedings and the commitment from human resources during the project had reduced the delays caused by other reasons. Supply chain Issues Golden Gate Bridge Golden Gate Bridge project has involved many organizations in its supply chain. Steel Construction- Bethlehem Steel co., Cable Steel supplier John A. Roeblings Sons Company) and Human resources from Consulting Engineers Ammann Whitney, Contractors Dillingham Construction, Seismic retrofit Contractors Balfour Beatty Construction and Co-Contracting Obayashi Corp., Shimmick Construction company Inc., Prestressing DYWIDAG Systems International USA Inc.. It is unlikely for any project to run smoothly with its supply chain issues. The project has faced various problems with Steel and Cable companies regarding delays and quality of raw materials and involvement of labor in the construction the company. Although there were supply chain issues, they were properly handled and the company followed the pre-designed business processes with all of its suppliers to achieve its set of performance objectives. Channel Tunnel This project had faced many supply chain issues with the involvement of various stakeholders at different stages of the project. Project faced rail design and rolling stock issues from Brush British company ABB Swedish company, problems is railcars for freight services with Breda and Fiat Italian company. The budget was affected by supply chain issues like In 1989, Project faced Euros 1.2billion law suit by TML (Trans Manche link Consortium) against Eurotunnel and Change on door costs Euros 35million. After 1996 fire accident, due to supply chain issues from service organizations there was a long delay of six months to restart all the services. All these supply chain issues had created a serious impact on project.

Rhetorical analysis essay examples Essay

In the essay, â€Å"Education†, Ralph Waldo Emerson, a transcendentalist thinker, asserts that Education is damaged and he knows of a solution – the educators. He develops this claim by first introducing the paradox linking â€Å"Genius and Drill†, expressing his ideal method of teaching. Throughout the essay, Emerson tends to have a condemning tone against the educator but towards the end he changes it into a comforting one. Emerson’s purpose is to present an alternative style of teaching in order to persuade educators to use the teaching method by using paradoxes, rhetorical questions, and shifts in tone. He establishes an informative and didactic tone for educators who value attention to detail. Emerson begins his essay by explaining why educators must respect the child in order to create an ideal educational system. He states a paradox between genius and drill in which he backs up by giving insight to the educators about the natural abilities of the scholar. He does this in order to resemble how complex and developed these young students minds are and that they need room to develop their minds on their own. To address drill, Emerson uses short, straightforward sentences like, â€Å"Give a boy accurate perceptions. Make him call things by their right names. Pardon him in no blunder† to dictate the reader in what they have to drill into the children’s minds (Emerson 103). The use of short sentences also serves to relate to the ethos of the reader by making the sentences â€Å"larger† than what they mean, earning Emerson his credibility and persuading the educators. He then uses longer sentences to describe how genius should be implemented. The manipulation of sentence length assists in describing his method of educating the youth by providing declarative or descriptive sentences. Emerson illustrates his theory through an anecdote about how the natural way of learning is possible and actually more efficient than its traditional counterpart. He does this by giving examples of how Charles Fellows completed his ambitions without the traditional education system. This paradigm provides a real life example providing ethos for his audience by giving a real example of his theory being implemented. Rhetorical questions induce an emotional appeal from educators. Emerson’s use of rhetorical questions attacks the educator in such a way that they question their original methods. After describing the current systems militaristic ways, he asks the educators â€Å"What reformer will it nurse? What poet will it  breed to sing to the human race?†(105). He condemns the current system and asks how it could possibly benefit students. Furthermore Emerson provides an analogy comparing the patience needed to teach a student and the â€Å"dint of obstinate sitting still† to arouse animals. He then goes on to ask the educators, â€Å"Can you not wait for him, as Nature and Providence do† to taunt the educators of their definitive ways of teaching(107). All of these methods gear the audience toward a path of naturalistic standards. The shift in tone throughout the essay describes Emerson’s main argument. He transitions from asserting the defects in the system to bringing the educators together to repair the problem. In the beginning Emerson instructs the educator by using commanding verbs. For instance when he says to†Give a boy accurate perceptions. Teach him the difference between the similar and the same. Make him call things by their right names† (103). The continual use of verbs to start sentences sets a didactic tone that undermines the educator. Emerson accentuates an educator’s capacity to inspire students to thrive in a natural learning environment. Through strong commanding sentences, rhetorical question, and empowering tone Emerson strives to persuades the educator in reforming the education system.

Analysis Essay Topics - a Brief Outline

Analysis Essay Topics - a Brief Outline Put simply, an essay is a particular informative observation. Your essay has to be logical and simple to read. Before you commence working on an analytical essay you've got to start with analytical essay definition. You should certainly search for an analytical essay example. Deciding on the most suitable essay topic can at times be rather hard. If you believe that you have difficulties with your analytical essay, don't hesitate to contact Professays.com. You'll observe that it's a great deal simpler to compose an analytical essay than you first thought. There are different kinds of essays that I would assume most of you are already acquainted with. New Step by Step Roadmap for Analysis Essay Topics An analytical argument is dependent on your thesis that ought to obviously be extremely developed. Sure, the quantity of paragraphs and the general logic of the essay will differ for different sorts of essays and majors. For this reason, you have to have your thesis statement ready. The objective of your analytical essay introduction must be to summarize your principal argument dependent on the thesis statement. The Analysis Essay Topics Game Downloading an analytical essay example isn't a fraud, which means you don't need to worry which you're cheat ing. You are able to use quotes or paraphrase portions of the text in order to add evidence. In rare instances, professors may leave the selection of the format up to you, and that means you just have to be certain the essay is very clear and simple to read. An analytical essay is a powerful manner of communicating critical thought about many different subjects. The objective of the introduction is to receive your reader interested in what they are just about to read, and to prepare them. It usually starts out with some sort of background information. Ensure you keep on course. An analytical essay is a particular sort of academic writing. Even if you're a natural-born writer, take note of some preparatory actions which will help you ace an essay. Picking a powerful and arguable thesis is the most crucial step in writing any kind of essay, including an analytical one. Generally, the correct choice of essay topic has an important part in overall writing success. The New A ngle On Analysis Essay Topics Just Released Believe us, it is going to be simpler to express your thoughts if you've got a crystal clear plan. The right beginning to writing the essay ought to be to pick the ideal topic that could lead your way to success. Unless you're certain concerning the reason behind writing the essay and the kind of essay, searching for an appropriate topic becomes a tricky undertaking. What you will need is is a blueprinta foolproof approach to receive your essay structured. Our writers have the ability to make smashing introductions that are aimed to grab readers' attention immediately. After all, there may be a number of distinct angles to one and the very same issue, and you need to pick yours before you get started writing. The same as the name of the book or a movie says a great deal about it, the topic that you choose will serve to draw the reader. The writing process is going to be a pleasure, and your reader will delight in reading your bit of academic writing. Literary analysis isn't the only sort of essay in its family tree. A part of rhetorical analysis might look an actual problem to students. The aim of your introduction is to have the reader interested in your analysis. Let's get going with a streak of process analysis essay topics that will help you on your way to an excellent process analysis essay. Clearly, writing an essay on the subject of marijuana is too general. It is essential to pick the topic that will interest you. Fo r this reason, you should restrict your topic. As soon as you pick a topic, narrow down your focus to a particular issue within this issue scope. By doing this you're in a position to spell out how readers can arrive at the comprehension of a research topic. There's an endless number of different essay topics which can be analyzed. From the analytical essay topics list you could see below, you will find interesting topics you may use as a foundation for your very own analytical essay.

Travel Agency Management - 1478 Words

Could the tide be changing? Travel agencies play an important role within the UK travel and tourism industry. They are the retail arm of the industry, selling a wide range of holiday products and travel services to the public. Yet travel industry analysts have been predicting the death of the high street travel agent due to the ever-changing nature of distribution channels. Travel agents are the key intermediaries in the distribution chain whose main role is selling air, rail, sea and land based services. They do this on behalf of their suppliers or principals. They also may offer additional travel-related services such as insurance and foreign exchange . Throughout the history of the travel agent is has shown an†¦show more content†¦Integration means formal linking arrangements between one organisation and another. Vertical integration occurs along the production process, for example, when an airline establishes its own tour operating company. This type of integration is forwards into the marketplace, and the most popular example is when a tour wholesaler acquires a retail travel chain through merger or purchase. Another way is backwards and this is most commonly seen when tour operators own airlines, and when scheduled airlines form alliances with multinational hotel chains and surface transport companies to secure trading advantages over their rivals. The benefits of forming vertical links include â€Å"cutting out the middle man by being able to control costs and quality standards†¦securing supplies and increasing buying power, and protecting market position by guaranteeing retail outlets on prime high street sites.† (Fyall and Wanhill, 2007) Other ways of controlling the market is by franchising, which is a licensing agreement whereby the parent company grants another firm the right to sell its products and use its brand name, but in return the firm should not sell the products of its competitors. 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