Challenges of Functional Electrical Stimulation in Clinical Essay

Challenges of Functional Electrical Stimulation in Clinical Engineering Practice - Essay Example It is also evident that, scientific studies on FES have not extensively focused on navigating their research outside persons with stroke (Enderle and Bronzino 2012). There is some research gap that needs to be covered in order for FES to be used in other areas. The use of FES for the hemiplegic shoulder have been proved to be troublesome to some patients since some cutaneous pain receptors get stimulated, and this has been cited to affect tolerance and compliance (Fred, et al 2009). In this regard, it is crucial for the Bio-medical Engineering practitioners to broaden the spectrum of the application and use of FES to other medical practitioners such as psychiatrics in order to help in advising and counselling person with stroke before and after the use of FES devices (Bronzino 2000). Introduction Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is an area of modern rehabilitation engineering and method that is used to generate contractions in paralysed muscles through the application of small pulses of electrical stimulation to nerves present in the paralysed muscle (Peng, et al 2010). This process is controlled in regard to the proper functioning of the muscle. FES as an application revolves around orthotics, which aids walking in addition to practising functional movements that are related to therapeutic benefit. It is important to note that the application of FES is mostly used in clinical engineering in treating nerves and muscles. Besides, the stimulator used in this process must be substantially tiny to allow it to merge with the patient (Grill, et al 2001). Notably, efficiency of FES is best demonstrated when the nerves supplied by muscle appear not to be damaged. Hence, this application has been used in Clinical Engineering in conditions such as spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, head injury and stroke among other nerves and muscles relates conditions. Similarly, the application could be used in orthopaedic condition where there is weakness of the muscle as a result of disuse or inhibition. Conversely, Functional Electrical Stimulation is not recommended for lower motor neurone conditions such as polio, guillain-barre syndrome, as well as, other conditions that are related to low motor neurone (Sheffler and Chae 2007) Majority of the patients who are involved with this application are known to use to FES in their daily activities. With time, patients continuously become less acquainted to the device resulting to an ultimate control of their limb. According to a recent research conducted by a scientist in the medical field, therapeutic effect of FES is crucial in ensuring that there are means that brings back function to those patients who suffer from upper motor neuron lesions. In fact, over the past fifty years, FES has been widely used on individuals with leg muscle dysfunction and spinal injuries. This application is used to evoke movements in individuals who are experiencing dysfunction in their joints, and spinal injuries. The elec trical currents are mostly used through application on the skin surface into the individual’s paralysis (Dollar 2007). Apparently, FES is used for alternative functions such as generating hand grasps in patients who might be suffering from tetraplegia, as well as, causing an upright posture and locomotion especially in patients who are suffering from paraplegia.

Tuesdays with Morrie (Mitch Albiom) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tuesdays with Morrie (Mitch Albiom) - Essay Example The death of his favorite uncle brought a turning point in his life. He made up his mind, earned degrees in journalism and started his career as a sports writer. He worked for several newspapers and finally reached The Detroit Free Press. Mitch prospers in his life, still his covetousness grows. He marries and promises to settle in life some day. Accidentally he hears of his long-forgotten old professor Morrie in a TV interview. Unfortunately his favorite professor is dying of Lou Gehrig's disease. Though afflicted with the disease Morrie refused to be afraid and disappointed. He rather decided to make his final classes, teaching students how to die. Mitch meets Morrie and promises to visit again. Mitch looses his job in few weeks and decides to meet Morrie as he felt frustrated with unsettling thoughts. Having abundant time Mitch visits Morrie every Tuesday till Morrie’s death. Mitch records their talks as they discuss everything in life. Morrie gives valuable thoughts regard ing death, life, money, marriage and various other things. Their talks, Morrie’s valuable insights and his approach to death became the foundation for Tuesdays with Morrie. Tuesdays with Morie is an awesome work that would change the readers’ perspectives about life. The story reveals what is relevant in life. Readers get highly inspired by the book as they testify that it is the one of the most profound, interesting and thought-provoking book they have ever read. The book presents a wonderfully honest exchange between a professor (who is heading towards death because of a dreadful disease) and his 'successful' student. This true story portrays the compassion and wisdom of a man who had an extraordinarily good heart. It is about a man who lived his life to the fullest until the closing of his life. It is a story of a special bond of friendship between the student and the teacher that was lost for many years. The friendship was never forgotten and was picked up again at the most important period in the lives of the Professor and the student. We find both of them giving and receiving valuable gifts of friendship and love. Morrie gives valuable lessons to Mitch. Morrie teaches Mitch several things through his words. He says that that the happiness of youth is just a farce, as the young people who seldom possess the wisdom to face the miseries they face. Morrie embraces aging, instead of fearing or hating it. He makes Mitch understand that aging and death are inevitable and fighting age is a hopeless battle. These words of Morrie made me understand that again and death is a natural part of life that should be taken in the right sense. We find that Morrie had lived through all the stages of life and he doesn’t wish to return to any of these stages. Each of the stages he had gone through makes the man he is now. This made Mitch (and also me) understand that all stages of life is important and no stage is better than any other stage. All the stag es of life makes a man complete. Morrie is ready to face new frontiers of life in future, though he is well aware that life is short before him. Morrie wanted to make his remaining days fruitful, instead of getting depressed over that the fact that he has to face death soon. Through this lesson Mitch understands that it is pointless to lament over anything and it is utterly foolish to fear anything in life. On the fourth Tuesday Morrie teaches Mitch that if he learns how to die he can learn how to live. He says this as a reply to Mitch’

MSc computer system security 'Practical Windows Security' Essay

MSc computer system security 'Practical Windows Security' - Essay Example The main types of attacks include Denial of Service, Trojan Horse, viruses, worms and Logic Bombs. The first virus that operated on Windows 2000 was detected on 13th January 2000 (Wong 2000). It is known as the Win2000.Install or W2K.Installer virus. Although the virus could not do much damage to the new windows but it provided attackers with the concept to identify the vulnerabilities of the Windows and to invade into the systems with improved attacks in the future. A definition of security vulnerability can be regarded as the preliminary filter that is applicable to various issues. A security vulnerability can be considered as, â€Å"a flaw in a product that makes it infeasible – even when using the product properly —to prevent an attacker from usurping privileges on the user's system, regulating its operation, compromising data on it, or assuming ungranted trust† (Microsoft 2011). Microsoft publishes security bulletins when a specific security issue fulfills t he criteria for the standard security definition. However this does not follow that no action is taken by Microsoft. For instance if Microsoft finds a bug that does not raise any security vulnerability, the security team nevertheless gives it importance and tries to counter it. In this case the Microsoft team does not come up with a patch or publish security bulletin; rather the team would include the solution in the product that it is going to release in the future. On the other hand, if a certain issue does fall on the criteria for security vulnerability definition, the security team first tries to establish whether the issue has breached the security policy of the product. When a product is made there is an assortment of instructions that are devised to inform the costumer about how a particular product is to be used as well as the promises that it delivers regarding the security it provides. What is CVE? Common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVE) brings together a list of common security vulnerabilities and exposures which are publically accessible. Common identifiers of CVE play a role in the exchange of data between security products and put forth a base line index point for the purpose of analyzing coverage of various products such as tools and services (CVE 2011). When Microsoft comes out with a patch for a security problem, it aims to fix whatever security vulnerability the problem has exposed. The purpose of the new patches is to protect the costumer from security threats. For example MS03-026 was released on July 16, 2003 to correct a security vulnerability in a Windows Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) Remote Procedure Call (RPC) interface. After Microsoft had introduced this bulletin Microsoft was informed that there are yet more ports available that can be abused for the purpose of this vulnerability. Later on Microsoft added information regarding these extra ports in the security bulletin; particularly this has been integrated in the mit igating factors as well as the Workaround section in the bulletin. However later additions were made to it like the MS03-039 with an updated scanning tool which provided further advancements in the patches given in the older version as well as the original scanning tool. The use of remote procedure call The windows operating system makes use of a certain protocol which is referred as the Remote

Tuesdays with Morrie (Mitch Albiom) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tuesdays with Morrie (Mitch Albiom) - Essay Example The death of his favorite uncle brought a turning point in his life. He made up his mind, earned degrees in journalism and started his career as a sports writer. He worked for several newspapers and finally reached The Detroit Free Press. Mitch prospers in his life, still his covetousness grows. He marries and promises to settle in life some day. Accidentally he hears of his long-forgotten old professor Morrie in a TV interview. Unfortunately his favorite professor is dying of Lou Gehrig's disease. Though afflicted with the disease Morrie refused to be afraid and disappointed. He rather decided to make his final classes, teaching students how to die. Mitch meets Morrie and promises to visit again. Mitch looses his job in few weeks and decides to meet Morrie as he felt frustrated with unsettling thoughts. Having abundant time Mitch visits Morrie every Tuesday till Morrie’s death. Mitch records their talks as they discuss everything in life. Morrie gives valuable thoughts regard ing death, life, money, marriage and various other things. Their talks, Morrie’s valuable insights and his approach to death became the foundation for Tuesdays with Morrie. Tuesdays with Morie is an awesome work that would change the readers’ perspectives about life. The story reveals what is relevant in life. Readers get highly inspired by the book as they testify that it is the one of the most profound, interesting and thought-provoking book they have ever read. The book presents a wonderfully honest exchange between a professor (who is heading towards death because of a dreadful disease) and his 'successful' student. This true story portrays the compassion and wisdom of a man who had an extraordinarily good heart. It is about a man who lived his life to the fullest until the closing of his life. It is a story of a special bond of friendship between the student and the teacher that was lost for many years. The friendship was never forgotten and was picked up again at the most important period in the lives of the Professor and the student. We find both of them giving and receiving valuable gifts of friendship and love. Morrie gives valuable lessons to Mitch. Morrie teaches Mitch several things through his words. He says that that the happiness of youth is just a farce, as the young people who seldom possess the wisdom to face the miseries they face. Morrie embraces aging, instead of fearing or hating it. He makes Mitch understand that aging and death are inevitable and fighting age is a hopeless battle. These words of Morrie made me understand that again and death is a natural part of life that should be taken in the right sense. We find that Morrie had lived through all the stages of life and he doesn’t wish to return to any of these stages. Each of the stages he had gone through makes the man he is now. This made Mitch (and also me) understand that all stages of life is important and no stage is better than any other stage. All the stag es of life makes a man complete. Morrie is ready to face new frontiers of life in future, though he is well aware that life is short before him. Morrie wanted to make his remaining days fruitful, instead of getting depressed over that the fact that he has to face death soon. Through this lesson Mitch understands that it is pointless to lament over anything and it is utterly foolish to fear anything in life. On the fourth Tuesday Morrie teaches Mitch that if he learns how to die he can learn how to live. He says this as a reply to Mitch’

Linguistics and their realationship to Teaching Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and their realationship to Teaching Essay Abstract This paper is an attempt to analyze the relationship between linguistics and language teaching. Linguistics is a science and teaching while technical is also an art yet they are closely related to each other in the case of language teaching. The foreign language teachers need to include selection, grading and presentation as their main steps. Linguistics plays an important role in the whole process of teaching by helping to facilitate a teachers understanding of the workings and systems of the language they teach. Applied Linguistics is really about the melding of these 2 actions. The Relationship between Linguistics and Language Teaching. Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is then divided into several branches which study different accepts of its use. Descriptive linguistics, historical and comparative linguistics, which it is based on methodology. Synchronic and Diachronic linguistics, which it is based on the aspect of changes over time. Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, which is based on a language as a system. Sociolinguistics this is related to or combined with the disciplines of linguistics and sociology. Its interest is in the relationship between language and society. It works to explains why people Use different speech in different social contexts. It’s area of study is the social functions of language to convey social meaning. The social relationships in a community, and the way people signal aspects of their social identity through their language (Jenet Holmes, 2001). Sociolinguistics also is concerned with the interaction of language and settings. (Carol M. Eastman, 1975; 113). The other expert defines it as the study that is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better  understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication ( Ronald Wardhaugh, 1986 : 12) Psycholinguistics relates to the combined disciplines of psychology and linguistics. Psychology is defined as the systematic study of human experience and behavior or as the science that studies the behavior of men and other animals. Knight and Hilgert in Abu Ahmadi,(1992). It covers language development. (Lim Kiat Boey). The other definition of psycholinguistics is that it is the study of human language-to-language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition (E. M. Hatch). The research done on the relationship between linguistic theory and language teaching can be traced back to the late 19th century. Its relationship has been discussed and debated for many years and researched extensively. Since this time different research proposed by different scholars has been disputable and found to be largely inconclusive. In the 1960s it was decided that there needed to be a reassessment. The conclusion that was formed went in two two main directions of thought with differing points of view. One viewpoint was that linguistics is not as relevant as it was first thought to be, and its importance was overrated. Such linguists as Lamendella (1969) and Johnson (1967) expressed their disagreement to regard linguistics as the basis of a strategy of learning. Lamendella (1969) thought that it was a mistake to look to transformational grammar or any other theory of linguistic description to provide the theoretical basis for second language pedagogy. What is needed in the field of language teaching are not applied linguists but rather applied psychologists. The other point of view was to recognize that the general contribution of linguistics was important. This came though with a proviso that teaching language was not to be bound to only follow one theory alone. The idea being that different linguistic theories can offer different perspectives on language, and they can all be treated as equivalent resources useful for teaching. Levenson (1979 ) once said, ‘no one school of linguistic analysis has a monopoly of truth in the description of the phenomena of speech†¦traditional school grammar, TG grammar, †¦all these and more can be shown to have their own particular relevance to the language teaching situation. By1960 the United States, reached its peak of the influence of structural linguistics upon language Teaching. Structural linguistics stressed the importance of language as a system and investigates the place that linguistic units such as sounds, words and sentences have within this system. This then associated with behaviorism provided the principal theoretical basis of the audio lingual theory. This then influenced language teaching materials, techniques and the teachers educations. Behaviorism led to theories, which explained how an external event, causes a change in the behavior, without any kind of mental interaction. It also stressed the importance of repetition and practice in learning a second language, this I think is a vital factor in learning a foreign language. If we look at the audio-lingual method, it emphasizes: (1) The teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing; (2) The use of dialogues and drills; (3) The avoidance of the use of the mother tongue in the classroom. Audio-lingual method regards speaking and listening as the basic skills, this is in line with today’s English teaching situation. The Mentalist Approach In the 1960s Chomsky formulated the mentalist approach. The hypothesis was considered that human behavior is much more complex than animal behavior. Chomsky, felt that we are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which enables a child to make a hypotheses about the structures of a language in general, and also the structure of the language being learned more importantly. By the end of the sixties’, there were new developments in teaching language starting to occur. The TG theory had a big impact resulting in a change in teaching methods. It was opposed to the empiricist theory, that is, teaching audio linguistics, linguistically structuralism and psychologically behaviorism. TG theory. 1 It stresses mental activity. 2 It postulates that all human beings have an innate ability to learn a language. 3 That it is an inborn instinctual ability and not practice that made human beings obtain the rules of a language and understand and can produce countless numbers of sentences. The Natural Method was successfully used in various language schools in the USA and Europe in the late 19th and the early 20th century. In the post-World War I decades, the direct method was adopted into English language teaching (ELT) this laid a solid intellectual and practical foundation for developing ELT as an autonomous profession. Some linguists, like Diller (1970), openly declared his preference for the cognitive position; while others, like Chastain (1976) and Rivers (1981:25-27) held that the two theories were complementary and served different types of learners or teachers or represented different phases of the language learning process. Applied Linguists brought about the situational approach and the notional/functional method. It is based on a broader framework for the description of language use called communicative competence proposed by Hymes, This brought about the communicative approach to language teaching came into being. In 1970s, a group of scholars including Oller (1970) and Widdowson (1978), were linguists but at also closely in touch with teaching practice. They gave language teaching and language pedagogy the linguistic direction they regarded as necessary. Since they were in touch with language teaching practice and linguistic so had a two-way view of the problem, they placed emphasis on real language and its communication and use. To take Oller’s interest in pragmatics as an example. Oller (1970:507) claimed that pragmatics has implications for language teaching; it defines the goal of teaching a language as prompting the students not merely to manipulate meaningless sound sequences, but to send and receive messages in the language. The students in China start English when they are in primary school. In the past, more attention was paid to the grammar, the result was very disappointing: Now the emphases is on speaking and listening. The audio-lingual method is now used in the classroom. In China, more people need to learn English in order to have the ability to communicate with foreigners. In this case, speaking and listening is much more important than being able to read and write. They are not expected to have a high level of English and their aim is simple, they need to communicate with a foreigner so they can understand their words and express themselves well. This is based on simple daily conversation. A market sale and business or being able to work in the tourism industries. Basic conversation and understanding can be very helpful in everyday conversation exchanges. The Audio-lingual method stressed the repetition and it theorizes that a language is learnt through the formation of habits. To speak English fluently, without constant practice, is impossible. So in our English teaching, we must help our students speak and listen well. Expressing ourselves properly is not always an easy thing, especially if it’s an emotionally charged topic. Even an English major may sometimes find it problematic to express exactly what they mean so it is understood by the other person in a way that is understood by all. When I go to Cambodia I find the generally that the population though not taught English in school has good English conversation capacity. They may not read or write but I feel if they had the opportunity to learn now they have grasped the basic language that they would with more ease. There is a need for them to talk and sell to foreigners so they have had a need and incentive to learn and the fact that their using it every day also helps. Though there are of course talented students I find in Thailand the communication level is not good as a lot of emphases is but on reading, writing and grammar, that many times, is not really understood or comprehended. Thai students learn form primary but they do not always have a reason to speak out of the classroom. One lesson a week in speaking and 3 of grammar I find makes the students scared to use the language. I teach with Thailand teachers and due to a some general pronunciation problems the students are confused about the sounds of the words and how to string them together. Confidence helps a lot just talking even if it is wrong. I always attempt to inspire confidence as I feel it is very important for speech. In my opinion, linguistics and language teaching relationship is a dual one. There are some theories of linguistics that can be applied to language teaching, i. e.  linguistics guides in development of language teaching theory. On the other hand, a language teaching theory expresses or implies answers to questions about the nature of language. It is necessary for a language teacher has some knowledge about, the systems of languages. A teacher should understand how the language works and expresses meaning and the structures that are used in the language being taught. A teacher needs to know how to make the phonic sounds and the mechanics to produce these sounds. This helps with pronunciation problems that students will encounter. By studying linguistics a teacher will have a deeper insight into the nature of language and the language the student speaks as theyre first language. If we agree that the use of a language is a matter of habits and practice, then a teacher needs to implant the habit of using it for communication until it becomes second nature. Conclusion Linguistic theory is continually developing and teaching theories are constantly changing as is the language itself. This alone demands a permanent study of languages and the relationships between linguistic theory and language teaching methods. There are many techniques and theories but no one concept or technique can take in the Different needs student may have and the differing ways people learn. This is a science in its self. There can be many differences in understanding between the L1 and L2 language from different cultural understandings and different sounds that may be new to the learner. There are many ways a culture will express its self along with idiosyncrasies and local knowledge of the everyday life in the culture. They say when you understand humor you start to know a language. If one could take every student as an individual and teach them the best way they learnt one would be assured of good results. Knowing the basic individual attributes the child had can enable to teacher to create classes designed for their individual needs. This is a luxury that tutors can give their students but in the classroom one dose not have so much control. A practical framework designed to suit the most students and the context that is the most appropriate. The Relationship of Linguistic Materials for the Second Language Teacher. Because of political, economic and also technical changes, English has become widely taught as an official business language worldwide, also as a second language to immigrants in English-speaking countries to gain entry and work, and as a foreign language in many non-English-speaking countries. This is also largely due to the computer so there is a universal language for coding and business. There are many theories on different ways to teach and different scholarly thoughts on the best process. I feel that this depends on the type of English you are teaching. Since there are many different needs a student may have. In China the emphases is on communication with foreigners on a daily basis like selling them something in a market or doing business. In other countries such as Thailand the emphases is put on Grammar and writing and reading and only a small part into communication. So while there are still many theories on the best way to teach I feel in my knowledge so far that it is best to learn as many ways as possible and how they work in the different environments. Applied Linguistics is really about the melding of these two actions but not the scope of this essay. One of the most fantastic Linguistic help I think the corpus is one of the best ways to get relevant vocabulary for your students. This is helpful for Syllabus and curriculum planning and for all areas of language teaching. References Chastain, K. (1976). Developing Second-Language Skills: Theory to Practice. Chicago: Rand McNally. Diller, K. C. (1970). ‘Linguistic theories of language acquisition’ in Hester 1970:1-32. Johnson, M. (1967). Definitions and models in curriculum theory. Educational Theory, 17:127-40. Lamendella, J. T. (1969). On the irrelevance of transformational grammar to second language pedagogy. Language Learning, 19:255-70. Levenson, E. A. (1979). Second language lexical acquisition: issues and problems. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 4:147-60. Oller, J. W. (1970). Transformational theory and pragmatics. Modern Language Journal, 54:504-507. Rivers, W. M. (1981). Teaching Foreign-Language Skills. Second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Widdowson, H. G.. (1978). Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .? Zeki Hamawand, Z. Morphology in English: Word formation in cognitive grammar. continuum. Publishing. ( Zeki Hamawand, Z. (2011).

Over View Marketing Of Products Within Nestle Marketing Essay

Over View Marketing Of Products Within Nestle Marketing Essay To pose Nestlà © product against the competitors, the company will be using differentiation strategy which will not only differentiate their own from others but also give an edge over others. Nestlà © core products will be very beneficial especially in terms of quality, health, and hygiene and most important consumer satisfaction. Nestlà © augmented products will include consumer satisfaction, warranty to retailers in terms of expire, delivery and after sales services. The companies all over the world get some competitive edge based on some features which other companies dont have. For example, as the Dell has the competitive edge over other computer manufacturer companies, because they use built-to-order Strategy while no other company in computer industry use this strategy. Similarly in Pakistan nestle has their competitive edge based on the strategies like product differentiation and customer oriented. Nestlà © is using the product differentiation strategy by providing the superior quality products. Their main focus is to keep the customers loyal. They bought shelve space in different departmental stores to attract the customers. They tried to reach each group of people in which they have succeeded. Besides, customer satisfaction is the focal point for the company. They provide hygienic products to their customers. Products are also verified by health and safety measures and international quality standards. Porter Five Forces 3.1.1 Threat of New Entrants: There is big number of food companies in the world; meanwhile the competitive between food companies are happened. Some companies have carved out role in which they support to dairy supply. These food companies are fearful of being squeezed out by the big players. Another threat for many food companies is other food services companies entering the market.15 Competing in a new industry requires resources to invest. Production of packed products requires huge investment of financial, human, technical, and marketing resources. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The suppliers of food might not pose a big threat, because of the number of suppliers. Raw milk is standard commodity and is available in the open market from a large number of milkmen. If anyone refuses to sell its product then company can buy it from others who are already willing to sell to company. On the other hand, the importance of volume to supplier also considered as a threat. Suppliers also have less leverage to bargain over price because the company is purchasing the large volume of their milk and suppliers dont have much option to sell milk to others. Bargaining Power of Buyers   The buyers will not post much of a threat to the food industry. Large clients have their own bargaining power with food companies. Large corporate clients like airlines and retailers pay millions of dollars a year. There are large numbers of distributors, who are buying and distributing the product, so their bargaining power is low and company have leverage to dictate implement its terms and conditions to distributors. Availability of Substitute   There are few of substitutes in the food industry. Most of the food companies have similar suites of services. Companies focusing on their role usually have a competitive advantage, but this advantage depends on whether there are any barriers that preventing other firms from entering.15 Competitive Rivalry The food industry is highly competitive in nowadays. As a result, food industry has become more like a commodity, an area in which the food company with the low cost structure, greater efficiency and better customer service will beat out competitors. In long run, larger companies prefer to take over or merge with other companies rather than spend the money to market and advertise to people.15 Source of Cost Efficiency 3.2.1 Economy of scale Economy of scale determines cost efficiency based on time, and processing of the operations and labour cost. Nestlà © used new high-technology system machines to process all the products, like high-speed bottling system, packaging machine for increasing the output of the products so, it could save time of the operation in process, and save labour cost. The company do not need to hire more labour to operate the process, which is one of the key to save cost. 3.2.2 Experience Nestlà © has been serving Pakistani consumers since 1988, when parent company, the Switzerland-based Nestlà © SA, first acquired a share in Milkpak Ltd. Today Nestlà © is fully integrated in Pakistani life, and is recognized as the producer of safe, nutritious and tasty food, and leaders in developing and uplifting the communities in which they operate. Nestlà © Pakistan ensures that their products are made available to consumers wherever in the country they might be. Convenience is at the heart of the Nestlà © philosophy, and there aim is to bring products to peoples doorsteps. Resources 3.3.1 Tangible resources Nestlà © Milkpak produces in over 81 countries and achieves 98% of its turnover outside Europe. Nestlà © Milkpak is the worlds largest milk company, which does 98% of its business. It has an annual turnover of 70 billion Swiss francs, 522 new factories in 81 countries, 200 operating companies, 1 basic research outer and 20 technological development groups, has more than 231,000 employees and more than 8000 products around the globe. There are three companies co-ordinate the activities of some 200 operating companies around the globe. Intangible resources There are three different functions, Nestlà © Milkpak, holds the financial shares in the allied companies. It also checks the profitability of these companies and to ensure the profitability of the group as whole. Second, Nestlà © Milkpak, has two areas of activities that are research and technological development, and technical assistance. Beside this, it provides know-how in engineering, marketing, production, organization, management and personnel training on a continuous basis. The third company is Nestlà © World Trade Corporation that oversees the import and export of merchandise worldwide. 3.4 BCG Matrix Relative Market Growth Low High STAR (Growth) QUESTION MARKS (Introduction) CASH COWS (Maturity) DOGS (Decline) 3.4.1 Stars The stars are the high relative market share and high market growth. Nestlà © beverages are the stars in their business, because with the high quality and new designs which comes every now and then makes them more popular among the customers, because customer with upper class wants the quality and nestle offers the best quality food items. Besides, Nestlà © major products such as Nestlà © milk pack and Nestlà © water will lies in the category of star products, due to the needs of human in their life. 3.4.2 Question Marks The product which have high anticipated growth rate but low market share would be considered as question marks. The product which the company launch first time in Pakistan is Nestlà © Ice-cream would come under the question marks due to the unknown result whether successful or failed in the growth of business in future. 3.4.3 Cash Cows The cash cows are Nestlà © cereal and other baby food products. There is less competitive brand on these specific of products and Nestle was considered as a branded and reliable brand, so most of the consumers prefer to buy from Nestle. 3.4.4 Dogs The pharmaceutical products are Nestlà © Dog; because it has low-share business with low growth market especially when talk about Pakistani market. The company has to think on what it can do by improving the low share and growth market. 3.5 Product Life Cycle ` Nestlà © Nestlà © Cereal Baby Food Nestlà © Food items pharmaceutical product (e.g. Milk pack and water) Nestlà © Ice-Cream INTRODUCTION GROWTH MATURITY DECLINE Product Development Time Nestlà © Products Nestlà © Milkpak Industry The product life cycle has been used to analyse the products development refer by the BCG matrix. Product life cycle has 4 stages consist of introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Nestlà © Ice-cream has been stated on the introduction stage because it is launched the first time in Pakistan. Next, the growth stage would be the food items like milk pack, water and etc, due to human need as Nestlà © has provided. On the other hand, Nestlà © cereal and baby food were stated in the maturity stage, due to less competitors. Lastly, Nestlà © pharmaceutical product is on the decline stage, because of the low share in business and low demand. In the product life cycle, it shows that Nestlà © Milkpak industry is now on the maturity stage, the company has been recognized by consumers. 3.6 SWOT Analysis (TOW Matrix) SWOT Analysis (TOW Matrix) Strengths Worldwide fame of Nestlà ©. Efficient milk collection system. Keeping high quality standards. Integrated distribution and warehousing facilities. Large market share of innovative. Having Good reputation in the market by strong brand name i.e. Nestlà ©. Strong RD. Weaknesses Unable to compete in price sensitive segment of UHT milk market. Under-utilization of the capacity. Unable to fulfil the demand of local powder milk market. Opportunities Improving Economy. Population growth rate. High urbanization rate. High literacy rate. Flexible government policies for food industry. Have significant growth opportunities. May merge with other global businesses to eliminate competitors. Having Capable of expanding into other markets of the world. SO Increase production of quality milk to cater the unsatisfied demand. They should go in the product line of powdered milk. They should increase their exports. They should cater the wide range of unsatisfied demand by improving their distribution networks. WO As per the increase demand of the milk they should fulfill the demand as Nestlà © have the ability to expand. They should make a strong distribution system to cater to avail the full benefit of the growing market. They should adopt affective marketing strategies for the promotion of their product. Threats High inflation rate. Low purchasing power. Decrease in GDP growth rate. Increasing interest rates. Recessionary period in business cycle. Competition with the new entrants. ST Invest more on the dairy product line as there is still a large chunk of the market which require modernization. Introduce new technology for quality assurance and better productivity. WT The co-ordination between different departments should be improved it will lessen the bureaucratic cost and increase the efficiency of the company.

Investment Banks and Commercial Banks Are Analogous to Oil and Water: They Just Do Not Mix :: History Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Investment Banks and Commercial Banks Are Analogous to Oil and Water: They Just Do Not Mix As a result of more than 9,000 banks failing during the Great Depression years of 1930-1933, bank regulation was greatly tightened in the United States. The legislature felt the unethical actions from the integration of commercial and investment banking aided in these failures for three main reasons: banks invested their own assets in risky securities, unsound loans were made to boost the price of securities of companies whom the bank had invested in, and the commercial banks interests in the price of securities tempted bank managers to pressure customers to purchase risky securities that the bank was trying to sell. As a result, President Roosevelt felt that the best remedy to the situation was to pass the Banking Act of 1933, which established two new provisions to financial regulation: deposit insurance and the separation of commercial and investment banking activities. Sections 16, 20, 21, and 32 of the act are referred to as the Glass-Steagall Act. These sections forbid depo sit-taking institutions from engaging in the issuing, underwriting, selling, or distributing of securities. Since the provisions of the Glass-Steagall Act did not apply to foreign banks operating in the United States, they could engage in insurance and securities activities. This put the American banks at a disadvantage. As a result of the pressure on the legislature and the constant talks of overturning the act, it was finally repealed. On November 12, 1999, President Clinton signed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act, which repealed the Glass-Steagall Act. This allowed securities firms and insurance companies to purchase banks and commercial banks to underwrite insurance and securities. From this repeal, the financial services industry has undergone a consolidating phase of commercial banks and investment banks becoming one. However, this has not always proved beneficial for these companies. My hypothesis is that the culture clash stemming from the different risk tolerance levels between investment banks and commercial banks is the main reason why such mergers and acquisitions have not resulted in the expected synergies the financial markets were anticipating. Investment banks, by nature, have higher risk tolerance levels than do commercial banks. The principal reason for this is that investment banks are not financial intermediaries in the sense that they take deposits and lend them out.